Plant Tissues: Overview

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Plant Tissues: Overview Meristems, Simple Tissues, & Complex Tissues Prof. Ms. Vrushali S. Dighe Department Of Botany S. M. Joshi College, Hadapsar, Pune.

Meristematic tissues – localized regions of cell division Apical Meristems Primary or Transitional Meristem  Primary growth Protoderm  gives rise to epidermis Ground meristem  gives rise to ground tissue Procambium  gives rise to 1o vascular tissue Lateral Meristems Vascular cambium  2o vascular tissue Cork cambium or phellogen  periderm Intercalary Meristems (found in the nodes of grasses)

Cell Division: Mitosis (nuclear division) + Cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division) Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

Shoot Apical Meristem

Root Apical Meristem Root cap initials Protoderm Ground meristem Procambium Root cap

Lateral Meristems – secondary growth in woody plants Basswood – stem in cross section; 1, 2, 3 year old stems Basswood – root in cross section

Intercalary Meristems in Grasses

Simple Tissues – consisting of one cell type Parenchyma – thin walled & alive at maturity; often multifaceted. Collenchyma – thick walled & alive at maturity Sclerenchyma – thick walled and dead at maturity Sclerids or stone cells – cells as long as they are wide Fibers – cells longer than they are wide Epidermis – alive at maturity Trichomes – “pubescence” or hairs on epidermis Root Hairs – tubular extensions of epidermal cells

Parenchyma

Collenchyma

Sclerenchyma SCLERIDS FIBERS Right-hand illustration modified from: Weier, Stocking & Barbour, 1974, Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, 5th Ed.

Epidermis – stoma, trichomes, & root hairs

Complex Tissue Xylem – water conducting tissue; parenchyma, fibers, vessels and/or tracheids, and ray cells. Phloem food conducting tissue; sieve-tube members (no nucleus at maturity, cytoplasm present), companion cells, fibers, parenchyma, and ray cells. In flowering plants, sieve-tube members and companion cells arise from the same mother cell. Periderm – protective covering; composed of cork and parenchyma. Secretory structures – responsible for making latex, resins, nectar and other substances produced and stored in channels inside the plant body.

Xylem

Phloem

Vascular Bundles with xylem & phloem Maize or Corn – vein in cross section Alfalfa – vein in cross section

Periderm – cork & parenchyma TWIG WITH LENTICELS

Secretory Structures nectar (flowers) from nectaries oils (peanuts, oranges, citrus) from accumulation of glands and elaioplasts. resins (conifers) from resin canals lacticifers (e.g., latex - milkweed, rubber plants, opium poppy) hydathodes (openings for secretion of water) digestive glands of carnivorous plants (enzymes) salt glands that shed salt (especial in plants adapted to environments laden with salt).