Cross-Cultural Psychology Chapter 11 Social Interaction What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others. Confucius (551–479 b.c.e.)— Chinese Philosopher Hell is others. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980)— French Novelist and Philosopher

Key Definitions A group consists of two or more figures forming a complete unit in a composition. Groups to which we belong are called in-groups, and groups to which we do not belong are called out-groups. When we join a group, we attain a status: a relative social position within a group that can be either formal or informal. Norms are established by a group and indicate how members of that group should and should not behave, including manners, simple responses, and complex behaviors. Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e

Key Definitions Social roles are sets of behaviors that individuals occupying specific positions within a group are expected to perform. sanctions—certain actions reward those who follow the norms (positive sanctions) and reprove those who are deviant (negative sanctions). Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e

Embeddedness Embeddedness or the degree to which individuals and groups are enmeshed together. Cultures high on embeddedness focus on their own internal group solidarity, shared goals, way of life, and resist actions disrupting their in-group solidarity. People in embedded cultures are not particularly concerned for the well-being of those outside their groups. In practical terms, the more embedded the culture in a country, the less people should help strangers. Most Embedded Least Embedded Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e

Conformity is a form of social influence in which individuals change their attitudes and/or behavior to adhere to a group or social norm. ASH experiment on conformity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYIh4MkcfJA Obedience is a form of conformity when a person simply follows orders given by others. Obedience to authority is defined as following orders given by an authority figure. This type of behavior is usually based on a belief that those with authority have the right to issue requests and give such orders. Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e

Groupthink- tendency of group members to have agreement in the group-decision making process Group Polarization- tendency of group members to shift as a result of group discussion toward more extreme positions than they previously held.

Social Loafing Social loafing is the tendency of group members to exert less effort on a task than they would if they were working alone or when the size of the group is expanded. Research conducted in China and Japan suggests that social loafing does not occur in the group behavior studied in these countries. In some cases, the opposite phenomenon appeared. It is called “social striving,” when a group enhances the individual performance of its members. It was found in some studies that people in the United States (“individualists”) manifested social loafing, whereas people in China (“collectivists”) tended to show the opposite pattern (social striving), performing better in pairs than alone. However, new studies are necessary. Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e

Cooperation and Competition Competitive Reward Conditions In competitive reward conditions, a person gains when other members lose. The worse they are, the better you are. Almost all sport competitions are based on the competitive reward principle. The same situation occurs when several companies are competing for a contract and only one can win it. Competitive elections for any public office in the United States are also based on the win–lose principle. One may win not only by improving one’s record but also by “going negative,” that is, downgrading the accomplishments of the competitors. Cooperative Reward Conditions Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e

Cooperation and Competition Competitive Reward Conditions In cooperative reward conditions, people’s rewards are positively linked. If one does poorly, the whole group may go down. The better each member does, the more chance the whole group has to win. A group of surgeons and nurses working in an operating room, a football team on the field, or automobiles on the freeway during rush hour all represent cooperative reward structures. Cooperative Reward Conditions Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e

Cooperation and Competition Cross-cultural studies show that U.S. citizens are among the most competitive people on earth. In business, according to the law, most government contracts to private firms must be awarded on a competitive basis. Experiments also show that in general children from Western technological societies are less cooperative than children from Latin American, African, and Middle Eastern countries. Additionally, there is a cross-cultural tendency for children from urban areas to be more competitive than children from rural regions, and for middle-class children to compete more often than children from lower-class environments. Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e

Think of a Leader Rate them on a scale of 1-5 (5 is the highest) based on the 5 different items below Has an Idealized vision which is highly different from the status quo Expert in using unconventional means to transcend the existing order Strong articulation of future vision and motivation to lead Uses means that are unconventional Transforms other to share the radical changes advocated

Are there any psychological features that make Cooperation and Competition Leadership is the process through which some individuals (leaders) influence other group members toward attainment of specific group goals. Who becomes a leader? Are there any psychological features that make Some people display their leadership potentials?