Surface roughness and thickness analysis of contrast-enhanced articular cartilage using mesh parameterization T. Maerz, M.D. Newton, H.W.T. Matthew,

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Surface roughness and thickness analysis of contrast-enhanced articular cartilage using mesh parameterization T. Maerz, M.D. Newton, H.W.T. Matthew, K.C. Baker Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 24, Issue 2, Pages 290-298 (February 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.09.006 Copyright © 2015 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Schematic of overall cartilage processing algorithm. The BCI surface is isolated from a pre-segmented cartilage region of interest (A). This surface is smoothed (B), split up into compartments (C), and then parameterized into the 2-dimensional domain (D). The image is sampled normal to each vertex and discretized to build a parameterized image stack, from which cartilage is segmented to yield a height map of cartilage thicknesses (E). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2016 24, 290-298DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2015.09.006) Copyright © 2015 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Shapes of varying thickness were generated with curvature in no planes (A), one plane (B), or two planes (C) and thickness was measured using Parameterization (Param.) and DDT. Both Parameterization and DDT were able to accurately assess thickness (D–F), with parameterization having a slightly lower percent error. Average error within each technique was calculated as the mean error of the four shape thicknesses (5, 10, 15, and 20 voxels). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2016 24, 290-298DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2015.09.006) Copyright © 2015 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Comparisons of AC thickness measured using Parameterization, DDT, and histology were assessed using the Pearson product moment correlation. Cartilage thickness from parameterization correlated significantly to DDT (A, D), and both parameterization (B, E) and DDT (C, F) correlated highly to histology. Histologic measurements are the aggregate thickness means of four sections of either the femur or tibia in n = 6 animals per group. Parameterization and DDT measurements are the aggregate thickness means of the femoral or tibial cartilage volume in n = 6 animals per group. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2016 24, 290-298DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2015.09.006) Copyright © 2015 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Representative parameterized height maps (A, C) and sagittal histologic sections of femoral cartilage (B, D) from the control and transection (ACL-T) groups. In ACL-T femurs, thickening was observed in the lateral condyle and trochlea, with adjacent regions of thickening (black arrows) and thinning (red arrows) in the medial condyle (A, B). Control cartilage exhibits a smooth surface with normal thickening on the central region of the trochlea and weight-bearing regions of the condyles (C, D). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2016 24, 290-298DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2015.09.006) Copyright © 2015 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Representative parameterized height maps (A, C) and sagittal histologic sections of tibial cartilage (B, D) from the control and transection (ACL-T) groups. In ACL-T tibiae, focal thickening was seen towards the center and posterior aspects (black arrows) of the AC surface, with mild thinning observed anteriorly (red arrows). Control cartilage exhibits a smooth surface with normal thickening at the central weight-bearing aspects (C, D). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2016 24, 290-298DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2015.09.006) Copyright © 2015 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Mean thickness (A, B) and surface roughness (Sa) (C, D) of parameterized cartilage thickness maps of the femur and tibia. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2016 24, 290-298DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2015.09.006) Copyright © 2015 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions