Steganography in halftone images: conjugate error diffusion

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Presentation transcript:

Steganography in halftone images: conjugate error diffusion Source: Signal processing, Vol. 83, 2003, pp. 2171-2178 Authors: M.S. Fu and C. Au Speaker: J. C. Chuang

Stacking

Visual cryptography Steganography review Binary O1 + Binary O2-> Binary O3 Noar & Shamir, (2, 2), secret (binary image), 1994 Hwang & Chang, (3, 3), secret (binary image), 2001 Gray O1 + Gray O2-> Gray O3 (Current, halftone technique) Lin & Tsai, secret (binary image), 2003 Pei & Guo, secret (binary image), 2003 Color O1 + Color O2-> Color O3 (CMYK) Hou, secret (halftone color image), 2003

Error Diffusion 1 2 <T (128) Two kernels Steinberg kernel Jarvis kernel

3 4 依此類推 Error=-105 130+(7/16)*(-105)=93 100+(1/16)*(-105)=93 150+(5/16)*(-105)=117 Error=93-0=93 120+(7/16)*(93)=161 4 100+(1/16)*(93)=106 93+ (5/16)*(93)=122 Error=161-255=94 117+(3/16)*(93)=134 依此類推

Data hiding by conjugate error diffusion (DHCED) 國立中正大學 Share 1 Share 2 Watermark

Share 1 (Halftone, binary) Error diffusion Share 1 (gray-level) Share 1 (Halftone, binary) F(.) Error diffusion Share 2 (gray-level) Share 2 (Halftone, binary)

Share 2 (ideal case) Watermark, (1, 白) (0, 黑) Share-1, (1, 白) (0, 黑)

93<T=127, 黑色(0) △=128-93=35 T2=20

Conclusion Secret (Gray-level image) Color image (RGB)