Volume 42, Issue 1, Pages 47-53 (January 2005) Molecular evolutionary analyses implicate injection treatment for schistosomiasis in the initial hepatitis C epidemics in Japan  Yasuhito Tanaka, Kousuke Hanada, Etsuro Orito, Yoshihiro Akahane, Kazuaki Chayama, Hiroshi Yoshizawa, Michio Sata, Nobuo Ohta, Yuzo Miyakawa, Takashi Gojobori, Masashi Mizokami  Journal of Hepatology  Volume 42, Issue 1, Pages 47-53 (January 2005) DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.09.023 Copyright © 2004 European Association for the Study of the Liver Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Geographic distribution of Schistosoma japonicum (Sj) and characteristics of patients infected with HCV. Sj (+) and Sj (−) denote, respectively, presence and absence of infection with Sj diagnosed by ultrasonographic and/or computer tomographic methods or serological examinations. Pie graphs include the age (mean±standard deviation) and sex ratio (male/female). Journal of Hepatology 2005 42, 47-53DOI: (10.1016/j.jhep.2004.09.023) Copyright © 2004 European Association for the Study of the Liver Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 A phylogenetic tree constructed on NS5B sequences of HCV-1b strains in Schistosoma japonicum (Sj)-positive (n=64) and -negative (n=67) groups. The numbers in the tree indicate bootstrap reliability by the interior branch test. Sj+ indicates Sj-positive strains. YAM; Yamanashi, HI/HIS; Hiroshima, KU/KUS; Saga/Fukuoka, Aichi; control strains. Journal of Hepatology 2005 42, 47-53DOI: (10.1016/j.jhep.2004.09.023) Copyright © 2004 European Association for the Study of the Liver Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 The maximum-likelihood estimates of N (t) on the effective number of infections with HCV genotype 1b in Japan for Schistosoma japonicum (Sj)-positive group (a) and Sj-negative group (b) separated in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 2). The parametric model is indicated by the grey line and stepwise plots by the black line that represents corresponding nonparametric estimates of N (t) (number as a function of time). Genetic distances are transformed into a time scale of year using estimates of the molecular clock in the NS5B region. Journal of Hepatology 2005 42, 47-53DOI: (10.1016/j.jhep.2004.09.023) Copyright © 2004 European Association for the Study of the Liver Terms and Conditions