12/17 Learning Target I can explain how the Industrial Age changed life during Reconstruction

CNN Student News http://www.cnn.com/studentnews

→ Industry grows → Labor force grows → A need for reform/unions arises A New Industrial Age → Industry grows → Labor force grows → A need for reform/unions arises The expansion of industry leads to the growth of business and labor forces, which prompts labor unions to form to create better lives for workers.

Essential Question Industrialization increased the standard of living and the opportunities of most Americans, but at what cost?

Causes of Rapid Industrialization A wealth of natural resources. Government support for bussiness. A growing urban population. The Railroad fueled the growing US economy: First big business in the US. A magnet for financial investment. The key to opening the West.

Abundant Resource Fuel Growth Oil Discoveries Coal Bessemer Steel Process – Improved processing of ore Originated in England – Industrial rev. started there Allowed for more railroads bigger buildings, bridges Inventions

4) Bessemer Process Developed by Henry Bessemer around 1850. Inject air into molten iron, removes carbon, result is steel. By 1880 U.S. led world 90% made in U.S.

Inventions Thomas Edison – research lab at Menlo Park creates advances in electricity, lighting Christopher Sholes typewriter Alexander Graham Bell telephone * Inventions like these open up the workplace to women. By 1910, 40% of clerical positions are held by women.

6) Railroads Important for expansion to the west and nation became more united. 1st transcontinental railroad completed on May 10, 1869 in Promontory, UT. 1861—30,000 miles of track 1890—180,000 miles of track Created time zones—adopted by railroads in 1883, U.S. Congress in 1918.

Railroad Boom

Andrew Carnegie “From Broke to Baller “ – Carnegie’s rags to riches story – read about Carnegie on p. 447 http://www.ushistoryscene.com/uncategorized/secondindustrialrevolution/

8) Horizontal and Vertical Integration Go to page 448 and read New Business Strategies and answer number 8 Vertical—control all raw materials and supply lines for production of a product. How did this lower costs? Horizontal—buy up competition.

Vertical and Horizontal Integration

“On Wealth” Made his money on steel. Preached the “Gospel of Wealth” (1901). Inequality is inevitable and good. Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.” Andrew Carnegie

Social Darwinism and Rockefeller Philosophy that riches are a sign of God’s favor, therefore, the poor must be lazy and inferior. John D. Rockefeller Controlled Standard Oil Bought out all his competitors Jay-Z calls himself Rockefeller Why?

Philanthropy Many of these newly rich gave millions to charities Carnegie – he donated 90% of his wealth! Libraries, art “Knowledge and Understanding” purposes Rockefeller Foundation $500 million to University of Chicago, hospitals, and research (helped cure yellow fever)

Problems Sherman Anti Trust Act Industrial Growth and Wealth Concentrated Bypassed the south Few wealthy are VERY powerful Child Labor booms Unions form to protect works, but tension is created

Labor Unions Samuel Gompers leads the Cigar Makers union to join others and creates the American Federation of Labor (AFL) Other large unions are formed Fighting for better pay Shorter hours A day or two off once in awhile ☺ Woman begin to organize as well Mary Harris Jones aka Mother Jones

Resistance and Violence Homestead – Pennsylvania - 1892 Haymarket – Chicago - 1877 Great Strike of 1877

Industrial Revolution Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Cvofeaj0y0