How do water and carbon cycles operate in contrasting locations? Key idea: It is possible to identify the physical and human factors that affect the water and carbon cycles in a Arctic Tundra Case study: The Arctic Tundra

Another characteristic of the Arctic tundra is the limited amount of sunlight it receives due to the position of the Sun in the sky. Depending on the latitude, the Sun can remain below the horizon for up to 2 months, leaving the Arctic tundra in darkness. Although the sun remains in the sky 24 hours a day during the summer, it stays close to the horizon and provides only low intensity sunlight.  One unique characteristic of the Arctic tundra is permafrost--ground that is permanently frozen. Because the permafrost has no cracks or pores, nothing can penetrate it--neither plant roots nor water. The surface layer above the permafrost thaws each summer. This layer is called the active layer. Thickness of the active layer depends on its location in the tundra. The more northerly the location, the thinner the active layer is. during the summer Arctic tundra is characterized by lots of surface water. When snow melts, the water percolates through the active layer but is unable to penetrate the permafrost. Since the water has nowhere to go, the active layer becomes saturated and pools of water form on the surface.  "tundra" is a Finnish words which means "treeless

2.b. It is possible to identify the physical and human factors that affect the water and carbon cycles in an Arctic tundra area. Water cycles specific to Arctic tundra, including the rates of flow and distinct stores Physical factors affecting the flows and stores in the cycles, including temperature, rock permeability and porosity and relief. Seasonal changes in the water cycle in the Arctic tundra

Life support systems: Quiz 2 What is the biggest global store of water? What is the biggest global store of carbon? What is ablation? What is the residence time for carbon held in rocks? What kind of clouds form when air mass moves over a cooler surface such as an ocean? What is “weathering”? Which marine organism primarily drives the biological pump in the oceans? What is the NPP of Amazonia? What percentage of carbon is stored in the above ground biomass? What does the UN’s REDD scheme stand for?

Answers What is the biggest global store of water? Oceans What is the biggest global store of carbon? Sedimentary rock What is ablation? Snowmelt What is the residence time for carbon held in rocks? 150 million years What kind of clouds form when air mass moves over a cooler surface such as an ocean? Stratiform What is “weathering”? The in situ breakdown of rocks at or near the Earth’s surface. Which marine organism primarily drives the biological pump in the oceans? Phytoplankton What is the NPP of Amazonia? 2500g/m2/year What percentage of carbon is stored in the above ground biomass? 60% What does the UN’s REDD scheme stand for? Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degredation.

Starter: Where is the Arctic Tundra? What will its climate be like?

Why is it so cold in the Arctic Tundra?

Why is it so cold in the Arctic Tundra?

Why is it so cold in the Arctic Tundra?

Why does the temperature vary so much during the year?

Why does the temperature vary so much during the year?

Why does the temperature vary so much during the year? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgHmqv_-UbQ 0 to 1.58

Why is it so dry in the Arctic Tundra?

Why is it so dry in the Arctic Tundra? What do you think will happen to the air at the poles? Will it rise or fall? This is called high pressure. Cool air sinks. As it sinks the molecules move closer together which means more mass and so more pressure. What type of weather is at the poles? As the air sinks, it warms, condensation is rare and so few clouds and little rain. It is cold at the poles and very high pressure!!! It makes you feel high and happy as it is usually dry and clear.

The Arctic Tundra Water Cycle Where is the Arctic Tundra located? Describe and explain the climate of the Arctic Tundra and how it changes over the year. Include sunshine hours. What impact does the climate have on the vegetation and the soil?

Plenary or if time go to next slide How will this climate impact on the water cycle?

The Arctic Tundra Water Cycle How will this impact on the water cycle? Think about: Atmospheric moisture stores Transpiration Evaporation Run-off Groundwater & soil moisture stores

The Arctic Tundra Water Cycle Where is the Arctic Tundra located? Describe and explain the climate of the Arctic Tundra and how it changes over the year. Include sunshine hours. What impact does the climate have on the vegetation and the soil? Water cycle 4) What are the main features of the water cycle in the Arctic Tundra and how does it alter with the seasons. Must include: Precipitation Atmospheric stores Transpiration Evaporation Run-off Groundwater & soil moisture stores Impact of snow and ice Importance of the wetlands.

How do water and carbon cycles operate in contrasting locations? Key idea: It is possible to identify the physical and human factors that affect the water and carbon cycles in a Arctic Tundra Case study: The Arctic Tundra

Starter How will the climate of the Arctic Tundra impact on the water cycle? Think about: Atmospheric moisture stores Transpiration Evaporation Run-off Groundwater & soil moisture stores

Water Cycle in the Arctic Tundra Learning Objectives Water cycles specific to Arctic tundra, including the rates of flow and distinct stores Physical factors affecting the flows and stores in the cycles, including temperature, rock permeability and porosity and relief. Seasonal changes in the water cycle in the Arctic tundra

The Arctic Tundra Water Cycle 4) What are the main features of the water cycle in the Arctic Tundra and how does it alter with the seasons. Must include: Precipitation Atmospheric stores Transpiration Evaporation Run-off Groundwater & soil moisture stores Impact of snow and ice Importance of the wetlands. Physical Factors, seasonal changes and stores and flows of water 5) How does temperature, relief and rock permeability impact on the stores and flows of the water cycle over the year?

Plenary Make a prediction – what do you think the features of the carbon cycle will be?

How do water and carbon cycles operate in contrasting locations? Key idea: It is possible to identify the physical and human factors that affect the water and carbon cycles in a Arctic Tundra Case study: The Arctic Tundra

Starter: Where is most of the carbon stored in the TRF? Where is most of the carbon stored in the Arctic Tundra? How will this vary over the year? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgHmqv_-UbQ After 1.58

Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Tundra Learning Objectives Carbon cycles specific to Arctic tundra, including the rates of flow and distinct stores Physical factors affecting the flows and stores in the carbon cycle, including temperature, vegetation, organic matter in soil and the mineral composition of rocks Seasonal changes in the carbon cycles in the Arctic tundra

The carbon cycle in the Arctic Tundra. Physical factors affecting the stores and flows of the Arctic Tundra carbon cycle How much carbon is stored in the permafrost? Why is it so high? 2a) Why is the biomass store so low? Must include NPP. b) How does this flow of CO² and methane change during the year and why? Must include temperature, vegetation, organic matter in the soil and the parent rocks.

The carbon cycle in the Arctic Tundra. Physical factors affecting the stores and flows of the Arctic Tundra carbon cycle Why are some people worried that the Arctic Tundra will turn from a carbon sink to a carbon source? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLCgybStZ4g https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/frozenground/methane.html https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/05/08/alaskas-tundra-is-filling-the-atmosphere-with-carbon-dioxide-worsening-climate-change/

The carbon cycle in the Arctic Tundra. Physical factors affecting the stores and flows of the Arctic Tundra carbon cycle How much carbon is stored in the permafrost? Why is it so high? 2a) Why is the biomass store so low? Must include NPP. b) How does this flow of Co2 and methane change during the year and why? Must include temperature, vegetation, organic matter in the soil and the parent rocks. 3a)Why are some people worried that the Arctic Tundra will turn from a carbon sink to a carbon source? b) How do some people argue against this?

Plenary From the perspective of climate change – should we be more concerned with deforestation of the rainforest or melting of the permafrost?

How do water and carbon cycles operate in contrasting locations? Key idea: It is possible to identify the physical and human factors that affect the water and carbon cycles in a Arctic Tundra Case study: The Arctic Tundra

Starter: How can humans activity impact the water and carbon cycle in the Arctic Tundra globally and regionally?

Trans-Alaska Pipeline Starter: What impacts could this cause? Trans-Alaska Pipeline

What impacts could this cause? Starter: What impacts could this cause? Prudhoe Bay

What impacts could this cause? Starter: What impacts could this cause? Prudhoe Bay

Trans-Alaska Pipeline 1968 — The largest oil strike in the U.S. was discovered underneath Prudhoe Bay. 1975 — Construction of the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline began  1977 — The first oil left Prudhoe Bay through the 789 mile pipeline in route to Valdez Why was it built? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4_92Fim34Q

The impact of the developing oil and gas industry on the water and carbon cycles Location of the Arctic Tundra in Alaska

The impact of the developing oil and gas industry on the water and carbon cycles Location of the Arctic Tundra in Alaska

Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Tundra Learning Objectives The impact of the developing oil and gas industry on the water and carbon cycles Management strategies used to moderate the impacts of the oil and gas industry.

The impact of the developing oil and gas industry on the water and carbon cycles Where is the Arctic Tundra located in Alaska? Why was the oil and gas exploited here, even with the harsh environmental conditions? When did the investment in the area begin and what did it entail? How important is the North Slope for gas and oil production for the USA?

The impact of the developing oil and gas industry on the water and carbon cycles 4)How important is the North Slope for gas and oil production for the USA? 5) How and why has the permafrost been affected? 6) Explain fully the impacts on the: Carbon cycle Water cycle

What can be down to reduce the impact on the water and carbon cycles? The impact of the developing oil and gas industry on the water and carbon cycles What can be down to reduce the impact on the water and carbon cycles?

What can be down to reduce the impact on the water and carbon cycles? The impact of the developing oil and gas industry on the water and carbon cycles What can be down to reduce the impact on the water and carbon cycles?

The impact of the developing oil and gas industry on the water and carbon cycles 5) How and why has the permafrost been affected? 6) Explain fully the impacts on the: Carbon cycle Water cycle 7) What can be down to reduce the impact on the water and carbon cycles? Explain each fully and how successful they are in mitigating the impacts

Plenary https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/fire-out-trans-alaska-pipeline-oil-resumes-n560176

Starter: How does the water and carbon cycle differ between the Tropical Rainforest and the Arctic Tundra?

How do the stores and flows of the water and carbon vary between the Tropical Rainforest and the Arctic Tundra In groups, on an A3 sheet, you need to show how the above differ. You will need to draw two carbon cycles and two water cycles. You can use highlighters, symbols, width of arrows/boxes to show difference in the amount/size of flows and stores in each location.

You can join up the above questions. How do the stores and flows of the water and carbon vary between the Tropical Rainforest and the Arctic Tundra Using your A3 sheet and your notes, answer the following: 1) How do the following differ between the Tropical Rainforest and the Arctic Tundra and why? a) The distribution of carbon b) The flows of carbon c) The distribution of water d) The flows of water. You can join up the above questions.

Plenary: Exam question “Human factors affect the water cycle more significantly in the Tropical Rainforest than in the Arctic Tundra”. Discuss.

Other past questions from specimen papers for living world 'The damaging impacts of human activity on the carbon cycles is of greater significance than the water cycle.' Discuss. (16 marks) With reference to a case study of the TRF examine the significance of the forest trees in the carbon cycle. Examine the significance of the role of vegetation in linking the water and carbon cycles. (10)