Water H H O

Water is Important Because… Its high specific heat helps regulate body temps Its ability as a solvent help dissolve ionic and polar substances so organisms can obtain nutrients Help organisms maintain homeostasis

Water Basics + + Polar: part of a molecule is slightly positive, while another part is slightly negative Oxygen “hogs” electrons from hydrogen 8 protons: 10 electrons Negative charge Hydrogen without electrons 1 proton: 0 electrons Positive charge Creates hydrogen bonds where one water sticks to another 1 1 1 1 1 2 6 1 5 2 3 4 -

Red = Oxygen (negative) White = Hydrogen (positive) - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Water Properties High specific heat: Resists temp changes Much energy needed to break water bonds Helps to maintain a constant body temp Cohesion: polar water molecules attracted to other polar water molecules Adhesion: polar water sticks to other molecules 7ml 6.8ml Why can this insect walk on water? It is not heavy enough to break the bonds that hold the water molecules together.

pH Scale pH scale measures the amount of H+ ions in a solution Acid Base More H+ Few H+ neutral Few OH- More OH- Lemons Soft drink Milk Blood Baking soda Ammonia pH scale measures the amount of H+ ions in a solution 1 minute: Discuss with your neighbor: Which base has the most H+ ions? Which substance has the fewest H+ ions? Which is the strongest acid? blood Ammonia Lemons

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Building Blocks (monomers) • monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, ribose, etc.) • glycerol • fatty acids • amino acids (20 different amino acids) • nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil) Function(s) in cells • energy storage • structural support   (plant cell walls) • energy storage • insulation • protective covering • lubrication • muscle contraction • oxygen transport • immune responses • chemical reactions • information storage Elements Present • carbon • hydrogen • oxygen • carbon • hydrogen • oxygen • nitrogen • sulfur (some) • carbon • hydrogen • oxygen • nitrogen • phosphorus Water Soluble • yes • no • many Examples • sugars • starches (glycogen & cellulose) • fats • oils • waxes • enzymes • hemoglobin • muscle fibers • RNA • DNA

Name That Organic Molecule

Name That Organic Molecule

Name That Organic Molecule

Name That Organic Molecule

Name That Organic Molecule

Name That Organic Molecule

Name That Organic Molecule

Name That Organic Molecule

Name That Organic Molecule

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Carbon

Covalent bond

Carbon double bond

Carbon (and nitrogen) triple bond

Carbon Chains Branched chain

Carbon rings

Carbon variety

Monomer and Polymer

Monomers are like legos… You can put them together in whatever way you dream up!

Condensation reaction

Carbohydrate One saccharide, the monomer of a carbohydrate

Carbohydrate polymers

Cellulose

Glycogen use and storage

Lipids

Cell membrane phospholipids

Protein

Nucelic acid

Catalyst Speeds up chemical reactions

Enzyme

pH

Temperature

Concentration

Nucleus

Ribosome

Ribosomes role http://translation on ribosome

RER and Vesicles

Golgi incoming and outgoing

Rough ER and Golgi

Dehydration synthesis. Two molecules join together to make a macromolecule with the removal of water. This type of reaction is called? Glycolysis Hydrolysis Photosynthesis Dehydration synthesis.

A pH change can cause the enzyme to change its shape A scientist observed that, when the pH of the environment surrounding an enzyme is changed the rate the enzyme catalyzes a reaction greatly decreases. Which statement best describes how a change in pH can affect an enzyme? A pH change can cause the enzyme to change its shape A pH change can remove energy necessary to activate an enzyme A pH change can add new molecules to the structures of the enzyme A pH change can cause an enzyme to react with a different substrate.

It adjusts the pH of the reaction medium Substance A is converted to substance B in a metabolic reaction. Which statement best describes the role of an enzyme during this reaction? It adjusts the pH of the reaction medium It provides energy to carry out the reaction It dissolves substance A in the reaction medium It speeds up the reaction without being consumed.

Large amounts of stored information Carbohydrates and proteins are two types of macromolecules. Which functional characteristic of proteins distinguished them from carbohydrates? Large amounts of stored information Ability to catalyze biochemical reactions Efficient storage of usable chemical energy Tendency to make cell membranes hydrophobic