(The Making of Protein) Protein Synthesis (The Making of Protein) Proteins are required for cell growth, repair, and regulation. With out protein there is no life.

Blood cells are made in bone marrow. Nucleus Chromosomes A section of chromosome that codes for trait is called a gene Endoplasmic Reticulum = ER

Chromosome Nucleus DNA Double Helix Hydrogen Bond Nitrogenous Base Super coiled DNA DNA Double Helix Hydrogen Bond Nitrogenous Base

Complementary Base Pairing DNA – DNA DNA – RNA A - T A – U T - C T - A C - G C - G G - C G - C Nitrogen Bases A=adenine T=thymine C=cytosine G=guanine U=uracil DNA unzipped by enzyme helicase

Karyotype: a set of photographed Chromosomes placed in pairs. Autosome = body Chromosome #1=22 sex chromosomes determine offspring’s (child’s sex) XY= male XX = female ½ of each pair from mom ½ from dad sperm determines sex of offspring eggs are always x

6 Steps of Protein Synthesis (The process of making a protein) 1. In the nucleus an enzyme, RNA polymerase, unzips a section of the DNA double helix. 2. In the nucleus the enzyme RNA polymerase transcribes the DNA into complementary bases G - C DNA = A - U mRNA T - A C - G 3. mRNA takes it’s list of complementary bases and leaves the nucleus, going into the cytoplasm.

Those 3 steps are known as transcription (to scribe is to write) DNA is copied as RNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum is where polypeptide chains fold to become mRNA Polypeptide chain Ribosome Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is where polypeptide chains fold to become functional proteins.

Rough ER has ribosomes attached delivering polypeptide chains to be folded. Smooth ER no ribosomes Nucleus

Blood Vessels sickled red blood cells normal red blood cells normal Amino Acid sequence abnormal Amino Acid sequence

Normal folded protein of red blood cells

Sickle Cell Hemoglobin   Normal Hemoglobin Sickle Cell Hemoglobin DNA mRNA Amino Acids Shape of Blood Cells

Amino acids forming a polypeptide chain.

Nucleus mRNA tRNA polypeptide chain anticodon Ribosome RNA codon stop codon tRNA anticodon polypeptide chain tRNA Ribosome start codon RNA codon

Modified proteins leave the ER in transport vesicles – the golgi apparatus packages them and releases them out of the cell.

Polypeptide chains, made of amino acids, fold into specific shaped proteins which do specific jobs.

U-A mRNA = C-G = tRNA A-U G-C 4. mRNA goes to a ribosome and is translated by tRNA . The tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome. U-A mRNA = C-G = tRNA A-U G-C 5. Complementary tRNA gives the amino acid it was carrying to the ribosome. The ribosome attaches it to the growing polypeptide chain. 6. Only after the polypeptide chain folds, does it become a fully functional protein.

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