General characteristics of the macromolecular substances solutions (HMC) Planner General characteristic of HMC. Solubility of HМС. Obtaining HMC methods. Physical and chemical properties of HMC. Stability of HМС. Kozachok S.S. prepared

High molecular compounds (macromolecules) are an organic and inorganic substances, that have in their structure molecules of the chain form with a large number of small structurally similar or homogeneous units linked together by covalent bonds. A macromolecule is a very large molecule commonly created by some form of polymerization. In biochemistry, the term is applied to the four conventional biopolymers (nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids), as well as non-polymeric molecules with large molecular mass such as macrocycles. The constituent molecules from which macromolecules are assembled are called monomers (mono=single, meros=part).

Natural classification of High molecular compounds Protein Nucleic acids Polysaccharides Synthetic Kapron Polyethylene Lavsan Plastic

Classification HМС according to the macromolecule’s shape Globular (milk proteins, haemoglobin) Fibrillar (myosin, keratin, elastin)

Linear (Polyethylene) ebonite (hard rubber)) Classification macromolecules according to the structure of polymeric chain Linear (Polyethylene) Branching (Glycogen) Netting or crosslinked (cellulose, ebonite (hard rubber))

Classification HМС according to the chemical nature of atoms Carbonchain Heterochain Polyethylene polyglycols Organoelement Inorganic Poly-silanes Elastic sulfur S S S S S S S

Solubility stage of HMC in a low molecular solvent

Degree of swelling: Swelling rate: Swelling pressure: Swelling rate constant: Swelling pressure:

Gel filtration Protein solution column gel

Obtaining method of HMC Polymerization: nCH2=CH-CH=CH2 → (-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-)n Polycondensation: nHO-R-OH + nHO-R'-OH → (-O-R-O-R'-)n+ nН2О Introduction to the prepared HMC of the new functional groups: (С6Н10О5)n + 3HNO3 → (C6H4O2(NO3)3)n + 3H2O

Flow regimes of HMC Laminar flowing Turbulent flowing

Viscosity laws pf laminar flowing: Newtonian: frictional force proportional to the gradient of velocity flowing and contact area of the layers moving Poiseuille: fluid volume from the capillary for a certain time is inversely proportional to a viscosity

Viscosity of some liquids (Т = 293 К) Solution η mPа*sec Аcetone Water Ethanol Blood plasma Whole blood (in norm) - enteric fever, tuberculosis - great pysical exercise 0,136 1,010 1,200 1,500 4,0 – 5,0  4,0  5,0

Salting out of the HMC solutions Solubility Hydrated sphere salting Salting out Salt concentration

Salting out is a method of separating proteins based on the principle that proteins are less soluble at high salt concentrations. The salt concentration needed for the protein to precipitate out of the solution differs from protein to protein. This process is also used to concentrate dilute solutions of proteins. Dialysis can be used to remove the salt if needed.

Protein denaturation Active protein Nonactive protein

Coacervation scheme Formation of the primary drop from the hydrated macromolecules Secondary drop from the primary drops Upper coacervate location dues to a solution

Thanks for attention