ORIGIN OF SPECIES

CHARLES DARWIN “At last gleams of light have come, and I am almost convinced (quite contrary to opinion I started with) that species are not (it is like confessing a murder) immutable … I think I have found out… the simple way by which species become exquisitely adapted to various ends.” Don’t have to copy this

CHARLES DARWIN He knew that his theory of evolution would be controversial and challenged. In June 1858, he received a letter from a young biologist working in Malaysia named Alfred Russell Wallace. Wallace outlined his own theory and happened to match Darwin’s theory. After much hesitation and encouragement from others, Darwin finally published his book “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life”, which sold out on the first day. Don’t have to copy

Natural Selection Male peacocks attract mates by their colourful tail. Which of these two would be more successful at finding a mate?

Natural Selection Natural selection: the way in which nature favours the reproductive success of some individuals within a population over others. Evolution is the result of natural selection

Natural Selection Observations Inferences Theory of Natural Selection Over time the population changes as advantageous heritable characteristics become more common generation after generation Individuals within a population compete for resources In each generation, populations produce more offspring than there are adults Popluations do not continue to grow in size Food and many other sources are limited Some individuals will inherit characteristics that give them a better chance or surviving and reproducing Individuals withing all populations vary Many variations are hertiable Inferences Theory of Natural Selection Start from the right and go left

Natural Selection These were Darwin’s key observations: All healthy populations produced far more offspring than could survive and reproduce Individuals exhibited heritable variability Ie. a slow cheetah vs a faster cheetah

Natural Selection Survival of the fittest: a phrase that has been used to describe the process of natural selection This might be misleading because you might think someone who has lived a long life is fit, but the term is used to describe reproductive success Adaptation: a characteristic or feature of a species that makes it well suited for survival or reproductive success in its environment

Evaluating the Theory All scientific theories must be explanatory, have predictive powers and be testable. Explanatory Powers Darwin used the evolution of large-billed finches

Evaluating the Theory (Explanatory Powers) What do you see happening? What’s the difference between the birds? What happens over time?

Evaluating the Theory (Explanatory Powers) An ancestral population with medium-sized bills arrives on the island. They eat medium-sized seeds. With no initial competition, the finches establish a growing population on a small island where there are some medium seeds but mostly plants with larger seeds The finch population grows until it reaches the limit of its food supply. Each year, many eggs are laid, but the island can’t support all the birds. The birds are not all alike – exhibit variation. Some birds have slightly smaller and larger beaks than average beaks.

Evaluating Theory (Explanatory Powers) Most of the birds must compete for the medium-sized seeds, but the ones with the larger beaks are also able to feed. They have little or no competition. The environment favours these larger beaks and lays more eggs on average because they are healthier. Their young are more likely to be born with larger beaks. As this process is repeated generation after generation, the average beak size continues to increase. This is evolution by natural selection.

Evaluating the Theory (Prediction & Testing) The theory allows scientists to make predictions about how species may change over time, which are associated with changing environments Ex. The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria Ex. Darwin made predictions that fossils of the most primitive human ancestors would be found on the African continent. His predictions were proven correct Testing and Falsification Science theory must be testable – the possibility of being proven wrong There are examples that could falsify the theory:

Questions p. 303 #1, 2, 4, 7, 8 p. 307 #1(b), 2, 4, 5(a,b,d,f)