Imperialism Unit 8 World History Mrs. Bell

Section 4: Age of Imperialism (Chapters 27 and 28) Between 1800 and 1914, various Western nations carried out policies of imperialism, the practice of building an empire, in which they sought to control the political, economic, and social life of countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Three key factors led to the rise of imperialism:

Section 4: Age of Imperialism (Chapters 27 and 28) competition among Western countries for more territory; their demand for raw materials and new markets; and their feelings of cultural and racial superiority, which made Western peoples want to impose their cultures on distant lands.

Types of Imperialism Colony –A country governed internally by a foreign power Protectorate-A country with its own government but controlled by an outside power Sphere of Influence-An outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges Economic Imperialism-An independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments (EX: Hawaii –Dole Fruit CO)

2 Big differences in British control and French French tried to convert its subjects to Christianity Especially in Indochina British allowed indirect control in Africa Meaning that local institutions controlled subjects

Section 4: Age of Imperialism (Chapters 27 and 28) Asia: In India, an uprising in 1857 brought direct British control over Indian affairs. The British took steps to develop India economically, but many Indians failed to benefit from the growth of railroads and industries. In 1885, Indian nationalists formed the Indian National Congress, beginning a long struggle for independence.

Section 4: Age of Imperialism (Chapters 27 and 28) Also, during the 1800s, European powers intervened in China. Using military power (or threat of it), they claimed large areas of China as spheres of influence, areas where they had exclusive trading rights. When the Chinese fought back in the Boxer Uprising of 1900, the Europeans quickly crushed the revolt. In 1912, Chinese revolutionaries overthrew the weakened Qing (Ching or pure) dynasty and set up a republic.

Section 4: Age of Imperialism (Chapters 27 and 28) The United States in 1853 forced the Japanese to open their doors to trade The leaders who came to power in Japan during the 1860’s decided to make Japan a great power capable of competing with the West. They reformed Japan’s government and began to industrialize the nation. By 1914, Japan had emerged as a modern industrial nation.

Section 4: Age of Imperialism (Chapters 27 and 28) Africa: Although the European nations held little land in Africa in the early 1800’s, desires for overseas empires (imperialism) by the 1850’s spurred interest in the continent. Desires for raw materials and new markets, the nationalistic idea that the size of the empire measured a country’s greatness,

Section 4: Age of Imperialism (Chapters 27 and 28) the racist proposition that Europeans were better than Africans, and the support of Christian missionaries (who hoped European rule would end slavery and promote conversion to Christianity), all fueled the drive for empires in Africa.

Section 4: Age of Imperialism (Chapters 27 and 28) Consequently, European nations in the 1880’s began their seizure of lands in Africa (called the Scramble for Africa). In addition to the lack of unity among African peoples, technology played an enormous role in this conquest. Steamships, railroads, and telegraphs made them able to penetrate deep into Africa and still have contact with the home country.

Section 4: Age of Imperialism (Chapters 27 and 28) Furthermore, machine guns outclassed African weapons; and quinine allowed doctors to treat those Europeans who contracted malaria. To prevent quarrels among the European nations, they met in Berlin in 1884-1885 and agreed that any of them could claim any area of Africa simply by telling the other countries that they were doing so and by showing that they had control of the area.

Section 4: Age of Imperialism (Chapters 27 and 28) This resulted in a huge land grab; and, by 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia were independent of European control. European-owned plantations produced peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber. European-owned plantations produced minerals (Congo – copper and tin; South Africa – gold and diamonds).

Section 4: Age of Imperialism (Chapters 27 and 28) In the early 1800’s, the Zulu chief Shaka created a large kingdom in South Africa. The British seized control of this land in 1887 and, at about the same time, a Dutch colony on the southern coast. Many thousands of Dutch settlers, called Boers, moved north to escape the British. At the end of the century, the Boers fought a vicious war with the British. The Boers lost, and they joined the British-run Union of South Africa.

Section 4: Age of Imperialism (Chapters 27 and 28) United States: In the early 1800’s, the United State purchased the Louisiana Territory from France- Napoleon. Many said such expansion was an expression of the U.S.’s “manifest destiny:” the right of the United States to rule the land from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific.

Section 4: Age of Imperialism (Chapters 27 and 28) In the 1830’s, thousands of Indians were forced onto reservations in Oklahoma from eastern states in order to obtain their land and then, in the 1840’s, Texas and additional lands from Mexico were further added.

Section 4: Age of Imperialism (Chapters 27 and 28) The South wanted slavery to extend to these new lands. The North did not. The Civil War resulted between 1861 and 1865 and the South lost. In addition, President Abraham Lincoln during the war signed the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed the slaves and ended slavery in the United States.

Section 4: Age of Imperialism (Chapters 27 and 28) Although the economy of the South was destroyed by the war and took years to revive, the rest of the country saw a surge in industrial growth and a sharp rise in immigration from Europe and Asia (more than 20 million people by 1914)

Section 4: Age of Imperialism (Chapters 27 and 28) During the era of imperialism, the United States used the Monroe Doctrine to oppose European involvement in Latin America. At the same time, the U.S. government and American businesses were becoming increasingly involved in Latin American affairs. In the early 1900’s, American military forces often intervened in Latin American countries when either government policies or social unrest threatened American interests.

Section 4: Age of Imperialism (Chapters 27 and 28) This involvement heightened tensions between the U.S. and Latin America. Anti -American feelings were often a factor in the upsurge of nationalism that swept through the region during this period. The Mexican Revolution, which lasted from 1910 until 1920, was the first major social upheaval in modern Latin America.

Big Ideas The Monroe Doctrine What is it?

Big Ideas a statement of United States policy on the activities and rights of European powers in the western hemisphere. was made by President James Monroe in his seventh annual address to the Congress of the United States on December 2, 1823; it eventually became one of the foundations of U.S. policy in Latin America.

Big Ideas The Spanish-American War What is this?

Big Ideas The U.S. waged war with Spain over control of Cuba. It lasted from April 25, 1898 until August 12,1898. The causes of war were the Cuban struggle for independence, American imperialism, sinking of the U.S. warship Maine. Most fighting in Cuba and the Philippines. The U.S. constantly used Manifest Destiny, a belief that territorial gain by the U.S. was both inevitable and divinely ordained, as an excuse to expand.

Big Ideas In the ensuing peace treaty, Spain and U.S. agreed to the following: the Spanish would withdraw from Cuba; the U.S. would not take over Cuba because of the Teller Amendment; and the U.S. would purchase Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines from Spain for $20 million. Two days before the treaty was signed hostilities broke out in the Philippines, which lasted until 1902. The U.S. controlled the Philippines until after WWII, when they gained their independence on July 4, 1946.

Big Ideas Panama Canal What is this?

Panama Canal Located in Central America, the Panama Canal was built between 1901-1914 at a cost $350 million. Built for both economic and military reasons, it was designed to allow travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through use of artificial lakes, channels, and a series of locks, thereby preventing ships from having to travel all the way around South America. It takes 8-10 hours to make the trip. In 1995, the tolls amounted to $460 million.