Carbon Nanocapsules The Application for Lighting Dr. Haley H. Lu ( ) PhD from NTU Electro-Optical Engineering PhD from NTU Electro-Optical Engineering R&D Director of TCY-Tech Power Energy Limited

The Emerging Trends of Lighting

Evolution of Lighting

Why LED ? Lower Energy Consumption Lower Energy Consumption consumes only 20~ 30% of incandescent lamps, 50% of halogen lamps. consumes only 20~ 30% of incandescent lamps, 50% of halogen lamps. Longer Life Span Longer Life Span ~ hours (10-12 years) ~ hours (10-12 years) Lower Light Decay Lower Light Decay A well managed LED light has less than 5% light decay after thousands of hours operation. A well managed LED light has less than 5% light decay after thousands of hours operation. Environmental Friendly Environmental Friendly No Filament – No Gas - No Mercury - No UV rays - No Plumbum - No Hazardous Substance No Filament – No Gas - No Mercury - No UV rays - No Plumbum - No Hazardous Substance

Why LED ? Eye – Protective Eye – Protective LED lighting is free from strobe flash lighting that incandescent lamps and other lamps have. LED lighting is free from strobe flash lighting that incandescent lamps and other lamps have. High Brightness High Brightness A more vivid color of lighting, giving clearer images than low brightness lamps A more vivid color of lighting, giving clearer images than low brightness lamps Wide Color Temperatures Wide Color Temperatures Warm white, Cool White, RGB, Ranging from 2700K – 7000K Warm white, Cool White, RGB, Ranging from 2700K – 7000K

LED Key Factors

Key Factors of LED Lighting Constant Current Driver Technology Constant Current Driver Technology Power Factor Power Factor Efficiency Efficiency Stability in static current driving Stability in static current driving Light Decay Light Decay Maintenance of brightness at a longer period Maintenance of brightness at a longer period Heat Dissipation Heat Dissipation Maintaining LED junction temperature at low to increase its lifespan Maintaining LED junction temperature at low to increase its lifespan Cost Cost To be Economical in Mass Application To be Economical in Mass Application

Heat Dissipation Issue Impacts LED operation temperature rise with 2 major impacts: LED operation temperature rise with 2 major impacts: (1) Decrease luminance (LV) (2) Decrease LED Lifespan Luminance decrease example (For x-brand LED Chip): While Tj is 25 (typical ambient temp.), the luminance (LV) is 100% Tj rises to 75 LV reduced to 93% Tj reaches to 115 LV reduces to 85% Tj reaches to 125 LV reduces to 83% Tj reaches to 150 LV only 80%

LED Junction Temperature & Lifespan Relationship T j v.s. LED life time (hrs) Lower T j W > 50,00030,000

How to Disperse Excess Heat? Radiation/Convection; Radiation/Convection; Passive/active energy transmission into immediate environment Passive/active energy transmission into immediate environment Conduction; Conduction; External heat-sink: Copper ladder add-on frame External heat-sink: Copper ladder add-on frame Internal heat-sink: (Copper-INVAR-Copper) Internal heat-sink: (Copper-INVAR-Copper) Thermally conductive substrate (non-metallic) Thermally conductive substrate (non-metallic) Thermally conductive insulated metal substrate (IMS) Thermally conductive insulated metal substrate (IMS)

Heat Dispersion by Heat Sink Passive Active

Disadvantage of Active Heat Sink Expensive Expensive Boggy Boggy

Disadvantage of Passive Heat Sink Boggy Boggy Depends on Thermal Convection Depends on Thermal Convection

Carbon Nanocapsules Solution

Traditional Coating Materials Ceramic Ceramic Boron Nitride, BN Boron Nitride, BN Silicon Carbide, SC Silicon Carbide, SC Normally, reducing 3~5 Normally, reducing 3~5

Carbon Nanocapsules (CNCs) A CNCs is made up of concentric layers of polyhedral closed graphitic sheets, leaving a nano- scale cavity in its center. A CNCs is made up of concentric layers of polyhedral closed graphitic sheets, leaving a nano- scale cavity in its center. The size of the CNCs ranges from a few to several tens of nanometers, roughly the same as the diameters of multiwall carbon nanotubes. The size of the CNCs ranges from a few to several tens of nanometers, roughly the same as the diameters of multiwall carbon nanotubes. It can also be filled with metal, transitional metals or rare earth elements to exhibit unique photonic, magnetic and electrical properties and have molecular structures that can be readily functionalized for a variety of applications It can also be filled with metal, transitional metals or rare earth elements to exhibit unique photonic, magnetic and electrical properties and have molecular structures that can be readily functionalized for a variety of applications

Properties Structure: Multi-Graphene Layers Structure: Multi-Graphene Layers Size: d = 10~60 nm Size: d = 10~60 nm Aspect ratio: 1~2 Aspect ratio: 1~2 Thermal Stability (O 2 ): 600ºC Thermal Stability (O 2 ): 600ºC Dispersion: Easy, after surface functionalized (40mg/ml) Dispersion: Easy, after surface functionalized (40mg/ml) Disperse in: both organic and water based solvents/materials Disperse in: both organic and water based solvents/materials Radical Quenching Rate-(OH) (g/L) -1 s -1 : 1.16 × 10 8 Radical Quenching Rate-(OH) (g/L) -1 s -1 : 1.16 × 10 8 Electric Conductivity RT : 10 2 ~ 10 3 S/cm 2 Electric Conductivity RT : 10 2 ~ 10 3 S/cm 2 Thermal Conductivity RT : ~1600 w/mk Thermal Conductivity RT : ~1600 w/mk

Radiation Heat Dissipation Technology for LED

Increasing The Radiative Capability of Normal Heat Sink Heat Source Heat Sink Conduction Convection Without Coating Heat Source Heat Sink Conduction Convection With Coating Radiation

Traditional vs CNCs Coating Aluminum Heat Sink (40%~60% of the BOM cost) Aluminum Heat Sink (40%~60% of the BOM cost) Boggy Boggy Different Design for Higher Power Different Design for Higher Power Aluminum Thin Plate with CNCs Coating (30% of the BOM Cost) Aluminum Thin Plate with CNCs Coating (30% of the BOM Cost) Thinner Thinner Same Design for Higher Power Same Design for Higher Power Or

Increasing The Radiative Capability of Normal Heat Sink Up to 96%

Heat Dissipation Improvement by CNCs Coating 14 W LED Module Font View Rear View With Coating Without Coating

The Heat dispatching efficiency is the same

Test Report

With Coating Without Coating Test Report

Comparison of Conventional LED and Spiral Bulbs LED Lamps Spiral Bulbs Price 1 2~3 × Luminous Efficiency (lm/w) 60~ >1500 <800 Max Luminance (lm) Lifespan (hrs) 6,000 50,000 (Expensive) (Not Brightness Enough) (Power Consumption) (Shorter Lifespan)

Does the LED Lamps have 50,000 Hours Lifespan Real ? 50,000 Hours Lifespan LED Chip Not LED Lamps LED Lamps = Chip + Driver + Heatsink + Parabolic Reflector + Lens + Parabolic Reflector + Lens + Package Package The 50,000 hours lifespan is estimated not REAL ! Do not be fooled!

LED Lamps Lifespan Estimation Environmental Protection Agency & Department of Energy, USA LM-80 Test Data TM-21 Estimation Method Test Time : 6,000 ~10,000 hrs Sampling Interval : 1,000 hrs The real test is just about 1~1.5 years. Consumer always say: Why is the LED so easily broken? Why is the LED so easily broken?

Light Ripple Non-high temperature Traditional LED

LED Lamps Improvement With Coating Without Coating Luminous efficiency (lm/w) W LED Lamps 975 lm 1500 lm 3 2 Lamps Number with Same Luminance Lifespan (hrs) 85,000113,000

Product Excellence of TCY-Techs CNCs Film Hardness(1~10) Film Thickness 10:Diamond 9:Corundum 8:Topaz 7:Quartz 6:Orthoclase 95% 6-9H 100% 20µm Excellent CNCs Film Technology !

Thank You Thank You

EMI Shielding Effect

Temperature Measurement LED Phosphoric Glue Silicon Heat Dissipation Film Substrate T1T1 T2T2 T3T3

Radiative Heat Transmission Thermal radiation is generated when heat from the movement of charges in the material is converted to electromagnetic radiation. Thermal radiation is generated when heat from the movement of charges in the material is converted to electromagnetic radiation. No medium is necessary for radiation to occur, for it is transferred by electromagnetic waves; radiation takes place even in and through a perfect vacuum No medium is necessary for radiation to occur, for it is transferred by electromagnetic waves; radiation takes place even in and through a perfect vacuum Since the amount of emitted radiation increases with increasing temperature, a net transfer of energy from higher temperatures to lower temperatures results. Since the amount of emitted radiation increases with increasing temperature, a net transfer of energy from higher temperatures to lower temperatures results.

Comparison