Role of Cytoplasmic Dynein in Perinuclear Aggregation of Phagocytosed Melanosomes and Supranuclear Melanin Cap Formation in Human Keratinocytes H. Randolph.

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Role of Cytoplasmic Dynein in Perinuclear Aggregation of Phagocytosed Melanosomes and Supranuclear Melanin Cap Formation in Human Keratinocytes H. Randolph Byers, Soniya Maheshwary, Dana M. Amodeo, Sarah G. Dykstra Journal of Investigative Dermatology Volume 121, Issue 4, Pages 813-820 (October 2003) DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12481.x Copyright © 2003 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Melano-phagolysosomes are organized into supranuclear “caps” within keratinocytes. Note melanized dendritic melanocytes and adjacent keratinocytes with the supranuclear “caps”. Melanin silver stained (Fontana–Masson) section of heavily melanized human epidermis. Bar: 50 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2003 121, 813-820DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12481.x) Copyright © 2003 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Intermediate chain of cytoplasmic dynein in keratinocytes is concentrated in a supranuclear pattern in human epidermis. (a) Phase contrast image of frozen section of human epidermis showing focal supranuclear aggregates or “caps” of melano-phagolysosomes (arrows). (b) Confocal fluorescence image showing focal increased cytoplasmic staining of the intermediate chain of cytoplasmic dynein in keratinocytes. (c) Double fluorescent confocal image with nuclear staining (blue) shows increased supranuclear localization of intermediate chain of cytoplasmic dynein over the nucleus (arrows) corresponding to “caps” in a. (d) Colocalization of melano-phagolysosomes (red) and cytoplasmic dynein intermediate chain (green) by computer generated pseudo-color overlay (yellow). Bar: 50 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2003 121, 813-820DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12481.x) Copyright © 2003 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Cytoplasmic dynein intermediate chain MFI correlates with pigment distribution (densitometry). Computer-assisted regression analysis of the intermediate chain MFI pixel values with pigment densitometric values. Fifty MFI and densitometry measurements each 4 μm2 in area were taken of the supranuclear and subnuclear keratinocyte cytoplasms. Pigment expression units are densitometric mean pixel intensity values. Significance p<0.001 and coefficient of correlation 0.7. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2003 121, 813-820DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12481.x) Copyright © 2003 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Western blot analysis identifies intermediate chain of cytoplasmic dynein in extracts from isolated whole human foreskin epidermis (Epi), isolated keratinocytes (Kc), and isolated melanocytes (Mc). A single band at the appropriate relative mobility of 74 kDa is detected in isolated human epidermis, keratinocytes, and melanocytes. Lanes 1 to 5: 108, 96, 84, 72, and 60 μg protein loading, respectively; lanes 6 to 9: 24 μg protein loading. Molecular weight standard (Mw std) positions shown for assessment of relative mobility. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2003 121, 813-820DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12481.x) Copyright © 2003 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Time-lapse analysis of coculture indicates transferred melanosomes accumulate as perinuclear melano-phagolysosomes in cultured human keratinocytes. (a) Phase contrast photomicrograph of human melanocyte/keratinocyte coculture. Heavily melanized dendritic melanocytes and keratinocytes with perinuclear melano-phagolysosomes are seen. Bar: 50 μm. (b–e) Time-lapse series with 10 s intervals showing distal fragmentation of melanocyte dendrite (see arrows), phagocytosis, melano-phagosome formation and perinuclear aggregation of melano-phagolysosomes within keratinocytes. Bar: 20 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2003 121, 813-820DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12481.x) Copyright © 2003 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Intermediate chain of cytoplasmic dynein colocalizes with perinuclear melano-phagolysosomes and perinuclear microtubules in cultured human keratinocytes. (a) Differential interference contrast image showing perinuclear aggregation of melano-phagolysosomes and other large vesicular organelles compared with small peripheral cytoplasmic vesicular organelles. (b) Anti-tubulin staining showing radial arrangement of microtubules with convergence into perinuclear microtubule organizing centers. (c) Distribution of the intermediate chain of cytoplasmic dynein is concentrated in the perinuclear region corresponding to the melano-phagolysosomes and other large vesicular organelles with scant, scattered small aggregates of peripheral cytoplasmic staining. (d) Overlap pseudo-color image of microtubules and cytoplasmic dynein. Bar: 10 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2003 121, 813-820DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12481.x) Copyright © 2003 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 Anti-sense DNA complementary to cytoplasmic dynein sequence disperses perinuclear melano-phagolysosomes in keratinocytes at 24 and 48 h compared with sense DNA treated controls. Co-cultures of human neonatal melanocytes and keratinocytes (A–C). (A) Sense DNA treated cells at 24 h show tight perinuclear aggregates of melano-phagolysosomes whereas anti-sense DNA treated cells at 24 h (B) reveal perinuclear and numerous dispersed melano-phagolysosomes. (C) Sense DNA treated cells at 48 h still show tight perinuclear aggregates, whereas anti-sense DNA treated cells at 48 h (D) exhibit numerous dispersed melano-phagolysosomes. Bar: 10 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2003 121, 813-820DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12481.x) Copyright © 2003 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 8 Anti-sense DNA complimentary to cytoplasmic dynein distributes perinuclear pigment in cultured keratinocytes to the peripheral cytoplasm. Densitometric analysis of 200 peripheral cell cytoplasms at each time point and treatment condition shows significant increase in the peripheral pigment in anti-sense (striped bars) compared with sense treated control keratinocytes (black bars). Bars and error bars represent mean, SD, respectively. *p<0.001. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2003 121, 813-820DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12481.x) Copyright © 2003 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions