Classification

CLASSIFICATION Why are some kinds of organisms similar and others NOT similar? Question to be answered later? How can we make sense of (explain) this diversity? How can we organize what we know about these organisms?

CLASSIFICATION Necessary? YES !! ~ 1 million species of plants, 5-10 million species of animals + fungi, protists, bacteria no good estimates of numbers of species Human mind needs to organize information. 08 June 2009 Classification.ppt

Answer: CLASSIFY Similar “types” (species) grouped together, separated from other species. Then, group similar groups together, etc.

Chapter 18—Classification Similar species grouped together are called genera (single—genus).

Each species is given a long name called a polynomial. Polynomial was a long description of that species. --Using this system was too complex.

18th Century~ Carl von Linnaeus developed system where it uses only 2 names. 1st –was the genus (in Latin) 2nd –is specific epithet (adjective to describe it)

Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 Classification system Taxonomic groups of related organisms

Ex) Homo sapien homo—latin for humans sapiens—means knowing or wise This two part method of naming species— binomial nomenclature

Rules: 1st word always capitalized In Italics or underlined 1st word can be abbreviated ex. Drosophilia melangaster— D. melangastor

CLASSIFICATION Classification system organizes biological knowledge. Classification itself is HYPOTHESIS about relationships, similarity because of common ancestry. 08 June 2009 Classification.ppt

Taxonomic Groups

Levels of classification: 2 Vast Groups: first identified were… Plant or Animal --> Kingdom (General) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (Specific)   (King Philip Comes Over For Great Soup)

Classification of Man Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species Homo sapiens

Taxonomist—scientists who study classification --separate organisms based on evolutionary relationships Phylogeny—evolutionary history of species

  Classification Systems— 3 Kingdom Vs. 5 Kingdom Old system was 3 Kingdoms: Plant Animal Protists—one celled organisms and others that were clearly neither plants nor animals

Note:nucleus with membrane-bound organelles—eukaryotes Prokaryotes— lack these structures  

Current System—5 Kingdom Since 1969— Criteria for Kingdoms: # of cells in an organism has or does not have a nucleus mode of nutrition Mode of reproduction

(Note no virus category—“non-living”) Kingdoms: Monerans (Bacteria) Protists Fungi Plants Animals (Note no virus category—“non-living”)

* * Archaea

Kingdom Monera or Eubacteria Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food Cell wall peptidoglycan

Kingdom Archaea Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food DNA Similar to Eukaryotic Cell wall Pseudopeptidoglycan or protein only