. The sheathing for a floor form is secured to the beam or girder side when forming a monolithic beam or girder and floor slab systemBlock bridging is placed between the joists to prevent the joists from tipping. Block bridging may be eliminated by using 4 × 4s for joists. Plywood sheathing is positioned after all the joists are in place. The plywood sheathing may butt against or rest on top of the beam or girder sides. When the plywood sheathing rests on top of the sides, the edge of the plywood sheathing should not be allowed to form a groove in the concrete where the beam and floor intersect. The end of the plywood sheathing should be held back 1/4 to 1/2 from the inside face of the beam or girder sides and beveled. See Figure 5-44.

The sides of beams and girders are reinforced with blocking, kickers, studs, walers, ties, and braces. Studs, bracing, walers, and ties are used to construct and reinforce the sides for large beams and girders. The height of the beam or girder sides is determined by the form framing method used. When the sides are nailed against the beam bottom and the slab sheathing rests on top of the beam side, the total height of the sides is equal to the height of the beam plus the thickness of the beam bottom and the width of the stiffeners, minus the concrete slab and slab sheathing thickness. The length of the beam or girder sides depends on whether the beam sides butt against or pass beyond the sheathing of the column. See Figure 5-38.

The sides of beams and girders are reinforced with blocking, kickers, studs, walers, ties, and braces. Studs, bracing, walers, and ties are used to construct and reinforce the sides for large beams and girders. The height of the beam or girder sides is determined by the form framing method used. When the sides are nailed against the beam bottom and the slab sheathing rests on top of the beam side, the total height of the sides is equal to the height of the beam plus the thickness of the beam bottom and the width of the stiffeners, minus the concrete slab and slab sheathing thickness. The length of the beam or girder sides depends on whether the beam sides butt against or pass beyond the sheathing of the column. See Figure 5-38.

The sides of beams and girders are reinforced with blocking, kickers, studs, walers, ties, and braces. Studs, bracing, walers, and ties are used to construct and reinforce the sides for large beams and girders. The height of the beam or girder sides is determined by the form framing method used. When the sides are nailed against the beam bottom and the slab sheathing rests on top of the beam side, the total height of the sides is equal to the height of the beam plus the thickness of the beam bottom and the width of the stiffeners, minus the concrete slab and slab sheathing thickness. The length of the beam or girder sides depends on whether the beam sides butt against or pass beyond the sheathing of the column. See Figure 5-38.

Beam and girder forms are constructed on well braced T-head shores Beam and girder forms are constructed on well braced T-head shores. The sides of the beam or girder forms are braced to resist lateral pressure. Shores are braced horizontally between two columns or between a wall and column to support beam and girder forms. The beam and girder forms may be prefabricated on the ground and lifted in place or constructed on top of shores. When constructing the forms on shores, the bottom is positioned on the shores, and the sides are then attached. Studs are nailed to the form sides and a joist ledger is nailed to the studs. The sides are braced between the studs and the shore heads. See Figure 5-39. After the slab forms have been constructed, the beam or girder forms are adjusted to their correct height by raising or lowering the shores with wedges or other adjusting devices.

Beam or girder bottoms are constructed of 2″ thick planks or plywood reinforced with 2 × 4s. The bottom rests on a column form or butts against it. Beam and girder bottoms are constructed of 2 planks or plywood stiffened with 2 × 4s. The width of the bottom piece should be the same as the width of the finished soffit. The bottom piece should be long enough to butt against the column form or rest on top of the column form. If the beam or girder forms are designed to be stripped before the column form is stripped, the bottom piece should be butted against the column form. If the ends rest on the top of the column form, a 45° bevel is cut to provide a chamfer where the finished beam or girder meets the column. Joist ledgers are nailed against the columns and beneath the ends of the beam bottoms for additional support. See Figure 5-37.

The sides of beams and girders are reinforced with blocking, kickers, studs, walers, ties, and braces. Studs, bracing, walers, and ties are used to construct and reinforce the sides for large beams and girders. The height of the beam or girder sides is determined by the form framing method used. When the sides are nailed against the beam bottom and the slab sheathing rests on top of the beam side, the total height of the sides is equal to the height of the beam plus the thickness of the beam bottom and the width of the stiffeners, minus the concrete slab and slab sheathing thickness. The length of the beam or girder sides depends on whether the beam sides butt against or pass beyond the sheathing of the column. See Figure 5-38.

Beam forms are framed to girder forms with cleats and a beam ledger. Beam forms are framed to girder forms by cutting a beam pocket in the side of the girder form. If the sides and bottom of the beam form butt against the girder form, the pocket is cut to the size of the finished beam. If the sides and bottom of the beam form extend past the sheathing of the girder form, the pocket is cut to accommodate the thickness of the beam bottom and sides, plus a small allowance for easy fitting. The opening should be reinforced with cleats and a beam ledger. See Figure 5-40.

Spandrel beams are located in the outside walls of a concrete structure and tie into the floor slab above. If a walkway is required, the shore head should extend beyond the outside wall. Kickers are nailed against the bottoms of the beam sides. A joist ledger is nailed toward the top of the inside wall to support the joists of the slab form. See Figure 5-41.

A yoke supports the beam sides and bottom over a round column fiber form. A beam or girder form framing into a tubular fiber form is supported by a yoke or collar placed at the top of the column form. A half circle with a diameter equal to the column diameter must be cut at the ends of the bottom piece to facilitate construction. See Figure 5-36.

Beam and girder forms rest on or butt against a column form, or frame into a pocket that is cut into the side of the column form. Two methods are commonly used to frame beam and girder forms to column forms. In one method, the beam or girder forms rest on or butt against the top of the column form. In the second method, the beam or girder forms frame into a pocket in the side of the column form. See Figure 5-35.

Wood shores are used to support beam, girder, and floor slab formwork Wood shores are used to support beam, girder, and floor slab formwork. Heads or stringers are fastened to the tops of the posts to support formwork. Types of wood shores used for vertical shoring are the single-post, double-post, and two-piece adjustable wood shores. A single-post wood shore is a single vertical member placed beneath stringers supporting floor slab forms. A double-post wood shore consists of a head placed over two vertical posts. Cross bracing may be used to reinforce the shore. Double-post wood shores support heavy girder loads, spandrel beams, and drop panels. A two-piece adjustable wood shore has two overlapping wood posts held in place with a post clamp (Ellis clamp). The post clamp is nailed to the lower post. The upper post is then raised into position with a portable jack. The two posts are held in place by friction against the post clamp. See Figure 5-56.

The bearing capacity of the soil determines the method used to fasten shores at ground level. Metal or angle brackets, or plywood cleats secure stringers to posts. Metal shore jacks are used to adjust the height of wood shores, eliminating the need for wood wedges. Spliced wood shores are commonly used to cut material costs. Two-inch lumber or 5/8 plywood is used as splicing cleats and is fastened to all sides of the post. Splicing cleats should be as wide as the shore post and extend a minimum of 12 past each side of the splice. Unbraced shores should not be spliced at midheight or midway between horizontal supports. Shore jacks are used to adjust the height of wood shores without using wedges. A metal fitting slips over a 4 × 4 or 6 × 6 post and is nailed into place. The jack is then adjusted to the final height. See Figure 5-57.