Modelling Intellectual Processes: The object-orient FRBR Model CIDOC 2007 Martin Doerr Center for Cultural Informatics Institute of Computer Science Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas Gothenburg, Sweden September 12, 2006 Corrections made 9 March 2007

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Library and Museum Information The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) is a core ontology aiming to integrate cultural heritage information. The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) is a core ER model to integrate library information. Libraries document literature in order to facilitate access to it. Museum objects are referred to and published in literature. Literature describes the museum objects, their context and theories about and related to them. Literature describes subjects that are exemplified or illustrated by museum objects. Museum documentation classifies and describes museum objects, their context and relevance. It refers to literature. Museums produce regularly literature. Libraries may also produce literature. Libraries may document and curate rare objects as museums do.

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Library and Museum Information Documentation tasks of museums and libraries overlap. Museum and library information has complex interrelations. Museum and library information overlaps, and otherwise is different. Museums and libraries can learn from each others methodology. Research needs an integrated view on museum and library information There was no common conceptual model or machine-readable language to integrate rich museum and library information. DC is a good format, but often too simple. MARC is detailed, but used only by libraries. There are the models of FRBR, FRAD, CIDOC CRM.

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization The Harmonization Project Formation in 2003 of the International Working Group on FRBR/CIDOC CRM Harmonisation: A collaboration of CIDOC CRM-SIG and the IFLA FRBR Review Group. To express the IFLA FRBR model with the concepts, ontological methodology and notation conventions provided by the CIDOC CRM. To facilitate the integration, mediation and interchange of bibliographic and museum information. After 7 meetings, a first complete draft of “FRBROO” for public comment. Definition available as text in the format of the CRM. Other forms: A comprehensive text with all related CRM definitions and complete mappings FRBRER to FRBROO, OWL/RDF files, VISIO graphics. Work continues with FRAR (Functional Requirements for Authority Records)

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization CRM The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) developed since 1996 by CIDOC / ISO TC46, ISO 21127 by 2006 a core ontology aiming to integrate cultural heritage information Innovations: centre descriptions not around the things, but around the events that connect people, material and immaterial things in space-time. explicit description of the discourse on relations between identifiers and the identified. typologies modeled both as classification means and as objects of the cultural-historical discourse. Lacks: a model of intellectual work

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization FRBR The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) developed 1992-1997 by IFLA, now being complemented by the Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD) A core ER model to integrate library objects by content relation Might result in a new library practice Innovations: Definition of stages/ abstraction levels of intellectual products: Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item. Clusters publications and items around the notion of derivation and common conceptual origin across stages / abstraction levels. Lacks: any explicit notion of the processes behind. Partially ambiguous definitions (overgeneralization).

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization FRBR : Abstraction Levels has part “a distinct intellectual or artistic creation… there is no single material object one can point to as the work...” has a complement has a successor has a summary has a supplement has a transformation has adaptation has an imitation Work is realized through (is a realization of) has part “the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc” Expression has a complement has a successor has a summary has a supplement has a transformation has adaptation has an imitation is embodied in (is the embodiment of ) “the physical embodiment of an expression of a work…all the physical objects that bear the same characteristics… …may be only a single physical exemplar…” has part Manifestation is exemplified by (exemplifies ) has part “a single exemplar of a manifestation...” Item

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization clarification of Work concepts The substance of Work is concepts (the idea). Only through the comprehension of the concepts derivation is possible. Individual Work: A self-contained set of concepts (“completed”) Complex Work: Continuation (possibly by others), complements, alternatives, translations ! Container Work: Incorporating unaltered work. The Publisher’s work is a Work ! Serial Work: Coherent, open ended series/serials E28 Conceptual Object F1Work F46 Individual Work F21 Complex Work F48 Container Work F43 Publication Work F22 Serial Work

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization clarification of Expression concepts The substance of Expression is signs (the “text”). An Expression can be “complete”. The kinds of signs/features that identify an Expression depend on the function. Self-Contained ~: “Complete” – either according to author or unfinished. Fragment ~: Any piece, in relation to the whole. Publication ~: Text, layout, illustrations,… E73 Information Object F2 Expression F20 Self-contained Expression F23 Expression Fragment F41 Publication Expression

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Work and Expression Self-Contained Expression = Evidence of Individual Work Complex Work = Coherent set of Individual Works (not “complex”) F1 Work F21 Complex Work R12 has member (is member of) R12 is realized in (realises) F46 Individual Work F46 Individual Work F46 Individual Work R56 is realized in (realises) F46 Individual Work R56 is realized in (realises) F20 Self-Contained Expression F20 Self-Contained Expression F20 Self-Contained Expression F20 Self-Contained Expression

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization clarification of Manifestation concepts E55 Type immaterial Manifestation Product Type is a class of like items (the publication) F3 Manifestation Product Type E84 Information Carrier E24 Physical Man-Made Stuff An Item is single exemplar of a Manifestation Product Type. Manifestation Singleton An Manifestation Singleton is an “original”. It may be a feature (e.g. Inscription) Item material

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization The “Externalization”, material / immaterial Creation E12 Production E28 Conceptual Object F31 Expression Creation F3 Manifestation Production Type F40 Carrier Production Event R9 comprises carriers of R41 produced (was produced by) R49 created a realization of R22 created E24 Physical Man-Made Thing F1 Work E84 Information Carrier F2 Expression R45 created R10 belongs to type R56 is realized in F21 Complex Work F46 Individual Work F20 Self Contained Expression F23 Expression Fragment F4 Manifestation Singleton F5 Item

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Conception and “Externalization” F1 Work R21 initiated P4 has time-span F30 Work Conception E52 Time P14 carried out by P7… E39 Actor P4… P14 carried out by E65 Expression Creation E53 Place P7 took place at R49 created a realisation of R22 created R45 created F2 Expression F4 Manifestation Singleton Work elaboration Work conception Expression creation time produces a work produces an idea Produces (simultaneously) an Expression and a Manifestation-Singleton

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Work and Expression – short-cuts F21Complex Work A R12 has member (is member of) F21 Complex Work A.2 R12 has member (is member of) R49B was realised through (created a realisation of) F46 Individual Work A.2.1 R56 is realised in (realises) F31 Expression Creation A.2.1 R13 is realized in (realises) F20 Self-Contained Expression A.2.1 R22 created (was created by)

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Container Work – What is the Expression? The Container Work adds Expression: may cause Work with empty expression! The collected expressions are integral part of the container F48 Container Work & F46 Individual Work F48 Container Work R13 is realized in (realises) R13 is realized in (realises) Overall Expression Additional Expression is incorporated <Additional Expr.> R13 is realised in (realises) R13 is realised in (realises) Expression of Work X Work X Expression of Work X Expression of Work Y Work X Expression of Work Y inconsistent consistent

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Publication Work - An Identity Crisis F21 Complex Work F43 Publication Work “Oliver Twist” Idea “Oliver Twist” Publication Concept Publisher’s Level R12 has member (is mem ber of) F46 Individual Work “Oliver Twist” Completed R56 is realized in (realises) F45 Publication Event R56 is re alized in (real ises) “Oliver Twist” published! R55 created produ ction plan (was created by) R63 incorporates (is incorporated in) F41 Publication Expression F20 Self-Contained Expression “Oliver Twist” Publication content “Oliver Twist” Text F39 Production Plan CLR5 should carry (should be carr ied by) “Oliver Twist” Plan P128 carries (is carried by) R39 followed (was followed by) F3 Manifestation-Product Type R38 produced things of type (was produced by) “Oliver Twist” Publication Author’s Level F4 Manifestation Singleton R10 belongs to type (is type of) F40 Carrier Production Event “Oliver Twist” Manuscript R41 produced (was produced by F5 Item “Oliver Twist” Printing “Oliver Twist” 20th Book

F50 Performance Directions: IsA F20, E29: R63 is composed of: F2 etc. F51 Stage Production Work: IsA F48 Container Work (if not ad-hoc) F52 Performance IsA E7: R64 performs : F50 F53 Recording Work:

F50 Performance Directions: IsA F20, E29, inherits R63 incorporates of: F2 etc. F51 Stage Production Work: IsA F48 Container Work (if not ad-hoc) F52 Performance IsA E7: R64 performs : F50 F20 self contained expression, R63 incorates : F53 Recording Work:

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Manifestation Product Type - a Metaclass ! E55 Type Metaclasses E19 Physical Object F3 Manifestation Product Type R10 belongs to type (is type of) F5 Item instances CLP57 should have number of parts (should be number of parts of) Inherits from E19 Physical Object: P57 has number of parts P57 has number of parts ISBN:960-86830-0-9 E60 Number Items are seen as instances of a particular Manifestation Product Type. This is simulated by property R9 “R10 belongs to type” = instances CPL57 should have number of parts (should be number of parts of) Individual copies 1 2 3 … n 2 particulars P57 has number of parts

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Equivalence Physical - Electronic Publishing Physical Publishing Electronic Publishing F45 Publication Event F45 Publication Event makes accessible R55 created produ ction plan (was created by) R55 created produ ction plan (was created by) F41 Publication Expression F41 Publication Expression CLR5 should carry (should be carr ied by) F39 Production Plan F39 Production Plan R37 shows how to realise (was realised by) F3 Manifestation- Product Type R39B was followed by (foll owed) downloads R5 carri es (is carried by) R38 produced things of type (was produced by) R10B is type of (belongs to type) R41 produced (was produced by) F40 Carrier Production Event F5 Item R41 produced (was produced by) F40 Carrier Production Event F5 Item “Result of an industrial process” “copy on local carrier”

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Reproduction F44 Reproduction Event R59 reproduced (was reproduced by) R59 reproduced (was reproduced by) E84 Information Carrier E84 Information Carrier “In general, the copy will have different attributes from the original… F44 Reproduction Event and F40 Carrier Production Event are not declared as disjoint…”

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization How to identify Work? F3 Manifestation Product Type R32 assigned (was assigned by) F4 Manifestation-Singleton F36 Representative Manifestation Assignment R3 has representative manifestation product type (is representative manifestation product type for) R7 has representative manifestation-singleton ( is representative manifestation singleton for) R16 carried out by (performed) R31 assigned to (was assigned by) F28 Bibliographic Agency F2 Expression R34 assigned (was assigned by) R17 carried out by (performed) F37 Representative Expression Assignment R2 has representative expression (is representative expression for) R33 assign to (was assigned by) F21Complex Work

F33 Identifier Assignment The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Library identifiers have structuring rules R26 used constituent (was used in) P1B identifies (is identifies by) F13 Name = E41 Appellation E1 CRM Entity R51 consists of (forms part of) F14 Identifier R25 assigned (was assigned by) F33 Identifier Assignment R52B used rule (was the rule used in) F16 Identifier Rule R24 assigned to (was assigned by)

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Summary of new Activity Concepts F37 Representative Expression Assignment E13 Attribute Assignment F36 Representative Manifestation Assignment E15 Identifier Assignment F33 Identifier Assignment E7 Activity F45 Publication Event E65 Creation F30 Work Conception E83 Type Creation F31 Expression Creation E11 Modification E12 Production F44 Reproduction Event F40 Carrier production Event

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Results summary Topics solved: Explicit modeling of the processes behind FRBR attributes. The substance of Work, Expression and Manifestation Conception of a Work. What is its identity, its parts? Can a work be continued by other persons? Can it contain other Work, and in which sense? Expression fragments, parts, aggregates and collections: criteria of completeness, containment, reuse and intellectual contribution. What is the contribution and product of the publisher. What is the first realization of a work in a symbolic form? What is the role of a manuscript, of a digital file, a written diskette in that process? The equivalence of electronic and material publishing.

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Conclusions The combined model CRM – FRBROO: Is a coherent model of museum and library conceptualization On one side enriches the CIDOC CRM with notions of the stages of intellections creation and refines its model of identifiers and the associated discourse. On the other side, it makes available to FRBR the general model of historical events of the CRM. clarifies and makes explicit many notions more vaguely specified in FRBR Further work: FRAD (Authority Data), modeling equivalence with performing arts. SEE: http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr