Perspectives on Physics and on CMS at Very High Luminosity Are the QCD MC Models Ready for High Luminosity? Rick Field University of Florida Outline Alushta, Crimea, Ukraine, May 2012 How Universal are the QCD MC Model Tunes? Do we need a separate tune for each center-of-mass energy? 900 GeV, 1.96 TeV, 7 TeV, etc. Do we need a separate tune for each hard QCD subprocess? Jet Production, Drell-Yan Production, etc. Do we need separate tunes for “Min-Bias” (MB) and the “underlying event” (UE) in a hard scattering process? A close look at two PYTHIA tunes: PYTHIA 6.2 Tune DW (CDF UE tune). PYTHIA 6.4 Tune Z1 (CMS UE tune). Pile-Up: A quick look at the fluctuations in pile-up. New CDF UE Data: The Tevatron Energy Scan (300 GeV, 900 GeV, 1.96 TeV). CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

QCD Monte-Carlo Models: High Transverse Momentum Jets “Hard Scattering” Component “Underlying Event” Start with the perturbative 2-to-2 (or sometimes 2-to-3) parton-parton scattering and add initial and final-state gluon radiation (in the leading log approximation or modified leading log approximation). The “underlying event” consists of the “beam-beam remnants” and from particles arising from soft or semi-soft multiple parton interactions (MPI). Of course the outgoing colored partons fragment into hadron “jet” and inevitably “underlying event” observables receive contributions from initial and final-state radiation. The “underlying event” is an unavoidable background to most collider observables and having good understand of it leads to more precise collider measurements! CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

QCD Monte-Carlo Models: Lepton-Pair Production “Hard Scattering” Component “Underlying Event” Start with the perturbative Drell-Yan muon pair production and add initial-state gluon radiation (in the leading log approximation or modified leading log approximation). The “underlying event” consists of the “beam-beam remnants” and from particles arising from soft or semi-soft multiple parton interactions (MPI). Of course the outgoing colored partons fragment into hadron “jet” and inevitably “underlying event” observables receive contributions from initial-state radiation. CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

Traditional Approach CDF Run 1 Analysis Charged Particle Df Correlations PT > PTmin |h| < hcut Leading Calorimeter Jet or Leading Charged Particle Jet or Leading Charged Particle or Z-Boson “Transverse” region very sensitive to the “underlying event”! Look at charged particle correlations in the azimuthal angle Df relative to a leading object (i.e. CaloJet#1, ChgJet#1, PTmax, Z-boson). For CDF PTmin = 0.5 GeV/c hcut = 1. Define |Df| < 60o as “Toward”, 60o < |Df| < 120o as “Transverse”, and |Df| > 120o as “Away”. All three regions have the same area in h-f space, Dh×Df = 2hcut×120o = 2hcut×2p/3. Construct densities by dividing by the area in h-f space. CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

“Transverse” Charged Density Shows the charged particle density in the “transverse” region for charged particles (pT > 0.5 GeV/c, |h| < 1) at 7 TeV as defined by PTmax, PT(chgjet#1), and PT(muon-pair) from PYTHIA Tune DW at the particle level (i.e. generator level). Charged particle jets are constructed using the Anti-KT algorithm with d = 0.5. CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

Min-Bias “Associated” Charged Particle Density LHC14 LHC10 LHC7 Tevatron 900 GeV RHIC 0.2 TeV → 1.96 TeV (UE increase ~2.7 times) 1.96 TeV → 14 TeV (UE increase ~1.9 times) RHIC Tevatron LHC Shows the “associated” charged particle density in the “transverse” region as a function of PTmax for charged particles (pT > 0.5 GeV/c, |h| < 1, not including PTmax) for “min-bias” events at 0.2 TeV, 0.9 TeV, 1.96 TeV, 7 TeV, 10 TeV, 14 TeV predicted by PYTHIA Tune DW at the particle level (i.e. generator level). Linear scale! CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS PYTHIA Tune DW CMS ATLAS CMS preliminary data at 900 GeV and 7 TeV on the “transverse” charged particle density, dN/dhdf, as defined by the leading charged particle jet (chgjet#1) for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV/c and |h| < 2. The data are uncorrected and compared with PYTHIA Tune DW after detector simulation. ATLAS preliminary data at 900 GeV and 7 TeV on the “transverse” charged particle density, dN/dhdf, as defined by the leading charged particle (PTmax) for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV/c and |h| < 2.5. The data are corrected and compared with PYTHIA Tune DW at the generator level. CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS PYTHIA Tune DW Ratio CMS CMS CMS preliminary data at 900 GeV and 7 TeV on the “transverse” charged particle density, dN/dhdf, as defined by the leading charged particle jet (chgjet#1) for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV/c and |h| < 2. The data are uncorrected and compared with PYTHIA Tune DW after detector simulation. Ratio of CMS preliminary data at 900 GeV and 7 TeV on the “transverse” charged particle density, dN/dhdf, as defined by the leading charged particle jet (chgjet#1) for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV/c and |h| < 2. The data are uncorrected and compared with PYTHIA Tune DW after detector simulation. CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

Charged Particle Density New Large increase in the UE in going from 1.96 TeV to 7 TeV as predicted by PYTHIA Tune DW! CMS CDF: Proton-Antiproton Collisions at 1.96 GeV Lepton Cuts: pT > 20 GeV |h| < 1.0 Mass Cut: 70 < M(lepton-pair) < 110 GeV Charged Particles: pT > 0.5 GeV/c |h| < 1.0 CMS: Proton-Proton Collisions at 7 GeV Lepton Cuts: pT > 20 GeV |h| < 2.4 Mass Cut: 60 < M(lepton-pair) < 120 GeV Charged Particles: pT > 0.5 GeV/c |h| < 2.0 CDF data at 1.96 TeV on the density of charged particles, dN/dhdf, with pT > 0.5 GeV/c and |h| < 1 for Drell-Yan production as a function of PT(Z) for the “toward”, “away”, and “transverse” regions compared with PYTHIA Tune DW. CMS data at 7 TeV on the density of charged particles, dN/dhdf, with pT > 0.5 GeV/c and |h| < 2 for Drell-Yan production as a function of PT(Z) for the “toward”, “away”, and “transverse” regions compared with PYTHIA Tune DW. CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

PYTHIA Tune DW CMS Overall PYTHIA Tune DW is in amazingly good agreement with the Tevatron Jet production and Drell-Yan data and did a very good job in predicting the LHC Jet production and Drell-Yan data! (although not perfect) CMS CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS CMS UE Data CMS CMS Tune Z1 Tune Z1 CMS preliminary data at 900 GeV and 7 TeV on the “transverse” charged particle density, dN/dhdf, as defined by the leading charged particle jet (chgjet#1) for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV/c and |h| < 2.0. The data are corrected and compared with PYTHIA Tune Z1 at the generator level. CMS preliminary data at 900 GeV and 7 TeV on the “transverse” charged PTsum density, dPT/dhdf, as defined by the leading charged particle jet (chgjet#1) for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV/c and |h| < 2.0. The data are corrected and compared with PYTHIA Tune Z1 at the generator level. CMS corrected data! CMS corrected data! Very nice agreement! CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

ATLAS publication – arXiv:1012.0791 ATLAS UE Data ATLAS ATLAS Tune Z1 Tune Z1 ATLAS published data at 900 GeV and 7 TeV on the “transverse” charged particle density, dN/dhdf, as defined by the leading charged particle (PTmax) for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV/c and |h| < 2.5. The data are corrected and compared with PYTHIA Tune Z1 at the generator level. ATLAS published data at 900 GeV and 7 TeV on the “transverse” charged PTsum density, dPT/dhdf, as defined by the leading charged particle (PTmax) for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV/c and |h| < 2.5. The data are corrected and compared with PYTHIA Tune Z1 at the generrator level. ATLAS publication – arXiv:1012.0791 December 3, 2010 CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

Tune Z1 describes the energy dependence fairly well! PYTHIA Tune Z1 Tune Z1 describes the energy dependence fairly well! CMS CDF data at 1.96 TeV on the density of charged particles, dN/dhdf, with pT > 0.5 GeV/c and |h| < 1 for Drell-Yan production as a function of PT(Z) for the “toward”, “away”, and “transverse” regions compared with PYTHIA Tune Z1. CMS data at 7 TeV on the density of charged particles, dN/dhdf, with pT > 0.5 GeV/c and |h| < 2 for Drell-Yan production as a function of PT(Z) for the “toward”, “away”, and “transverse” regions compared with PYTHIA Tune Z1. CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS PYTHIA Tune Z1 Tune Z1 Tune Z1 CMS data at 900 GeV on the “transverse” charged particle density, dN/dhdf, as defined by the leading charged particle jet (chgjet#1) for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV/c and |h| < 2.0. The data are corrected and compared with PYTHIA Tune Z1 at the generator level. CDF data at 1.96 TeV on the “transverse” charged particle density, dN/dhdf, as defined by the leading calorimeter jet (jet#1) for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV/c and |h| < 1.0. The data are corrected and compared with PYTHIA Tune Z1 at the generator level. CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

PYTHIA Tune Z1 Overall amazingly good agreement with the LHC and Tevatron Jet production and Drell-Yan! (although not perfect yet) Tune Z1 Tune Z1 What about Min-Bias? Tune Z1 Tune Z1 CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

The Inelastic Non-Diffractive Cross-Section Occasionally one of the parton-parton collisions is hard (pT > ≈2 GeV/c) Majority of “min-bias” events! “Semi-hard” parton-parton collision (pT < ≈2 GeV/c) + + + + … Multiple-parton interactions (MPI)! CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

The “Underlying Event” Select inelastic non-diffractive events that contain a hard scattering Hard parton-parton collisions is hard (pT > ≈2 GeV/c) 1/(pT)4→ 1/(pT2+pT02)2 “Semi-hard” parton-parton collision (pT < ≈2 GeV/c) The “underlying-event” (UE)! + + + … Given that you have one hard scattering it is more probable to have MPI! Hence, the UE has more activity than “min-bias”. Multiple-parton interactions (MPI)! CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

Model of sND + + + + … 1/(pT)4→ 1/(pT2+pT02)2 Allow leading hard scattering to go to zero pT with same cut-off as the MPI! Model of the inelastic non-diffractive cross section! 1/(pT)4→ 1/(pT2+pT02)2 “Semi-hard” parton-parton collision (pT < ≈2 GeV/c) + + + + … Multiple-parton interactions (MPI)! CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

UE Tunes + + + + … “Underlying Event” Allow primary hard-scattering to go to pT = 0 with same cut-off! Fit the “underlying event” in a hard scattering process. 1/(pT)4→ 1/(pT2+pT02)2 “Min-Bias” (add single & double diffraction) “Min-Bias” (ND) + + + Predict MB (ND)! Predict MB (IN)! + … CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

Min-Bias Collisions Okay not perfect, but remember ALICE INEL = NSD + SD NSD = ND + DD CMS Tune Z1 Tune Z1 CMS NSD data on the charged particle rapidity distribution at 7 TeV compared with PYTHIA Tune Z1. The plot shows the average number of particles per NSD collision per unit h, (1/NNSD) dN/dh. ALICE NSD data on the charged particle rapidity distribution at 900 GeV compared with PYTHIA Tune Z1. The plot shows the average number of particles per INEL collision per unit h, (1/NINEL) dN/dh. Okay not perfect, but remember we know that SD and DD are not modeled well! CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS MB versus UE Divide be 2p NSD = ND + DD CMS Tune Z1 CMS NSD data on the charged particle rapidity distribution at 7 TeV compared with PYTHIA Tune Z1. The plot shows the average number of charged particles per NSD collision per unit h, (1/NNSD) dN/dh. CMS NSD data on the charged particle rapidity distribution at 7 TeV compared with PYTHIA Tune Z1. The plot shows the average number of charged particles per NSD collision per unit h-f, (1/NNSD) dN/dhdf. CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS MB versus UE CMS Tune Z1 Factor of 2! NSD = ND + DD Tune Z1 Shows the density of charged particles in the “transverse” region as a function of PTmax for charged particles (All pT, |h| < 2) at 7 TeV from PYTHIA Tune Z1. CMS NSD data on the charged particle rapidity distribution at 7 TeV compared with PYTHIA Tune Z1. The plot shows the average number of charged particles per NSD collision per unit h-f, (1/NNSD) dN/dhdf. CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS MB versus UE ATLAS CMS Tune Z1 Factor of 2! NSD = ND + DD ATLAS data on the density of charged particles in the “transverse” region as a function of PTmax for charged particles (pT > 0.1 GeV/c, |h| < 2.5) at 7 TeV compared with PYTHIA Tune Z1. CMS NSD data on the charged particle rapidity distribution at 7 TeV compared with PYTHIA Tune Z1. The plot shows the average number of charged particles per NSD collision per unit h-f, (1/NNSD) dN/dhdf. CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

NSD Multiplicity Distribution Difficult to produce enough events with large multiplicity! CMS Tune Z1 Generator level charged multiplicity distribution (all pT, |h| < 2) at 900 GeV and 7 TeV. Shows the NSD = HC + DD prediction for Tune Z1. Also shows the CMS NSD data. Okay not perfect! But not that bad! CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

Difficult to produce enough events with large multiplicity! MB & UE “Min-Bias” “Underlying Event” CMS CMS Tune Z1 Tune Z1 Difficult to produce enough events with large multiplicity! Difficult to produce enough events with large “transverse” multiplicity at low hard scale! Generator level charged multiplicity distribution (all pT, |h| < 2) at 900 GeV and 7 TeV. Shows the NSD = HC + DD prediction for Tune Z1. Also shows the CMS NSD data. CMS corrected data at 900 GeV and 7 TeV on the charged particle multiplicity distribution in the “transverse” region for charged particles (pT > 0.5 GeV/c, |h| < 2) as defined by the leading charged particle jet with PT(chgjet#1) > 3 GeV/c compared with PYTHIA Tune Z1 at the generator level. CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

Tune DWT “Hard-Core” No Trigger (ct =10mm) Pile-Up at the LHC Tune DWT “Hard-Core” No Trigger (ct =10mm) Shows the charged multiplicity distribution (|h| < 2, all pT) for Npile = 1 (i.e. shows, on the average, what one event looks like). The plot shows the probability of finding 0, 1, 2, … etc. charged particles. The sum of the points is equal to one. The mean is 24.39 charged particles and s = 19.7. Shows the charged particle pseudo-rapidity distribution (all pT) for Npile = 1 (i.e. shows, on the average, what one event looks like). The plot shows the <Nchg> in a 0.4 bin (i.e. not divided by bin size). The sum of the points with |h| < 2 is 24.39. CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

Pile-Up at the LHC “Central Limit Theorem”: <Nchg> ~ Npile, s ~ sqrt(Npile)! Duh! True for any PT(min) cut! Shows the charged multiplicity distribution (|h| < 2, all pT) for Npile = 10 (i.e. shows, on the average, what 10 events looks like). The plot shows the probability of finding 0, 10, 20, … etc. charged particles. The sum of the points is equal to one. The mean is 243.9 charged particles and s = 62.3. Also shown is the Npile = 1 distribution scaled by a factor of 10 (i.e. Nchg → 10×Nchg). Shows the charged multiplicity distribution (|h| < 2, all pT) for Npile = 50 (i.e. shows, on the average, what 50 events looks like). The plot shows the probability of finding 0, 50, 100, … etc. charged particles. The sum of the points is equal to one. The mean is 1219.5 charged particles and s = 138.9. Also shown is the Npile = 1 distribution scaled by a factor of 50 (i.e. Nchg → 50×Nchg) and the Npile = 10 distribution scaled by a factor of 5 (i.e. Nchg → 5×Nchg). CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS Tevatron Energy Scan 300 GeV 1.96 TeV 900 GeV Just before the shutdown of the Tevatron CDF has collected more than 10M “min-bias” events at several center-of-mass energies! 300 GeV 12.1M MB Events 900 GeV 54.3M MB Events CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS New CDF Energies Tune Z1 ATLAS preliminary data at 900 GeV and 7 TeV on the “transverse” charged particle density, dN/dhdf, as defined by the leading charged particle (PTmax) for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV/c and |h| < 0.8. The data are corrected and compared with PYTHIA Tune Z1 at the generator level. Predictions for CDF on the “transverse” charged particle density, dN/dhdf, as defined by the leading charged particle (PTmax) for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV/c and |h| < 0.8 from PYTHIA Tune Z1 at the generator level. CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS gmbsar Files = 273 Events = 66,374,130 Size = 803,837,367 KB 1.96 TeV 1 and only 1 Q12 Vertex P0-5 19,420,876 Events 900 GeV 0 or 1 Q12 Vertex 38,306,169 Events Raw CDF data at 300 GeV, 900 GeV, and 1.96 TeV on the “transverse” charged particle density, dN/dhdf, as defined by the leading charged particle (PTmax) for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV/c and |h| < 1.0. 300 GeV 0 or 1 Q12 Vertex 7,484,514 Events CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS

How Universal are the Tunes? What we are learning should allow for more precise predictions at future LHC energies (10 TeV, 13 TeV)! Do we need a separate tune for each center-of-mass energy? 900 GeV, 1.96 TeV, 7 TeV, etc. PYTHIA Tune DW did a nice (although not perfect) job predicting the LHC Jet Production and Drell-Yan UE data. I am still hoping for a single tune that will describe all energies! Tune Z1 also very good! Soon we will have UE data at 300 GeV, 900 GeV, 1.96 TeV, 7 TeV, & 8 TeV and can map out the energy dependence! Color Connections Do we need a separate tune for each hard QCD subprocess? Jet Production, Drell-Yan Production, etc. PARP(90) The same tune can describe both Jet Production and Drell-Yan! Do we need separate tunes for “Min-Bias” (MB) and the “underlying event” (UE) in a hard scattering process? PARP(82) Diffraction PHTHIA Tune Z1 does fairly well at both the UE and MB, but you cannot expect such a naïve approach to be perfect! CMS High Luminosity Workshop Alushta, Ukraine, May 29, 2012 Rick Field – Florida/CDF/CMS