+ Extreme Dimming Presented by FAB Controls Ltd

+ Introduction Jeremy Turner -Managing Director – FAB Controls Ltd We are controls consultants, designers and commissioning service providers to the commercial lighting sector focusing on addressable lighting control systems, daylight saving and automated emergency testing. Alan Tulla – Technical Editor Lux Magazine Lux magazine is the official publication of the Lighting Industry Association and is the smart, sensible magazine for lighting decision-makers.

+ What am I here for? We aim today to help you understand some of the challenges of dimming retrofit LED lamps. What do you mean retrofit lamps? These are lamps that can fit into existing light fittings. These lamps replace incandescent lamps.

+ Why dont these lamps just dim? Well we are trying to bang a square peg into a round hole! It will fit in the end but there is always a bit left over. To help you understand lets start with some basics.

+ A – The Incandescent Lamp The incandescent lamp has been with us since the 1800s. Light is is produced by a small piece of wire know as the filament, this is suspended inside a glass bulb containing an inert gas. When an electric current is supplied to the lamp the filament gets hot and produces light. These lamps are very inefficient and most of the energy put in is lost as heat. Energy lost = Money down the drain.

+ B- How do we dim the Lamp To dim an incandescent lamp we reduce the electrical energy supplied to the filament. The filament doesnt get as hot and less light is produced. A 10 % reduction in power will give a 35% reduction in light output. To reduce the electrical energy we use a phase cut dimmer.

+ C- How does a dimmer work? To best understand how a dimmer works we need to know what the mains supply looks like. On our live screen you can see the mains supply here at LUX Live. This is one complete 50 Hz mains phase. A dimmer cuts off part of this phase either at the beginning ( leading edge ) or at the end (trailing edge). The next two slides show each dimming type, the blue trace is the mains: 1) Green Trace = The Leading edge dimmer output 2) Brown Trace = The Trailing edge dimmer output

+ 1- Leading Edge - Dimming

+ 2- Trailing Edge - Dimming

+ What do we know so far? An incandescent lamp produces light from a piece of hot wire. If we put less energy in the wire runs cooler and less light is produced. We reduce the energy going in to the hot wire, using a phase cut dimmer. Dimming incandescent is putting a round peg in a round hole it just works.

+ Whats all this talk of square pegs? The Light Emitting Diode (LED) – retrofit Lamp An LED is what's called a "solid-state lighting" technology, or SSL. Instead of a piece of wiring being heated up and light being omitted, light is emitted from a semiconductor.. Just like your mobile phone you cannot just connect the LED to the mains and expect it to work. There will need to be a power supply (know as a driver) to convert from mains to the desired voltage the LED requires. With your mobile phone the charger is the power supply. With a retrofit lamp the power supply needs to fit into the base of the lamp.

+ I still dont get the square peg! We now know that an LED requires a power supply, a power supply is normally designed to take a known voltage and produce a stable fixed output. We know that a phase cut dimmer reduces the mains voltage with the expected effect that the Lamp should reduce its output. The square peg! To dim LED we have to try and design a power supply that will vary the light output of the LED based on the reduced mains voltage being supplied by a phase cut dimmer, with very little space to house this circuit. There is no performance standard for dimmer and or LED lamp manufactures. The net result is that each and every manufacture can design the LED driver to their own specification and each and every country has a slightly different way to do it. Many of the dimmers you will encounter when trying to fit retrofit lamps will have been designed such that the incandescent lamp forms part of the dimmer stabilisation circuit.

+ HELP – What can I do? In the next session Alan and I will run through a few of the common LED retrofit issues you may have seen and the possible solutions. This section will be split into three parts: Lesson 1 – Mains Lamps Lesson 2 - Low voltage Lamps Q&A During each demonstration the mains sine wave from our dimmers will be shown on the live screen. Channel A shows the incoming mains supply for reference. Channel B shows the output from our live dimmer.

+ Lesson 1 – Demo 1 A common issue seen with LED is flickering This is normally a dimmer issue Here we have a 50w Incandescent(Halogen) lamp You can see this is flickering, this is due to insufficient load on the dimmer. Look what happens when we add extra load to the dimmer. - Using a Lutron synthetic load. The dimmer is brought into its normal operating parameters and we can see the lamp is correctly controlled and our sine wave is now clean.

+ Lesson 1 – Demo 2 Demo 1 showed us that minimum load can be a problem. This is not always the case. Lets repeat the same experiment this time with a budget LED. Despite its lower wattage the driver circuit in this LED performs well with this dimmer and is able to simulate the dimmers minimum load requirements. Technical Tip One Always test the LEDs and Dimmer as a set.

+ Lesson 1 – Demo 3 Now lets look what happens when we mix LEDs from two different manufactures. Here we have a good quality GU10 LED its an excellent LED and well suited to most dimmers. As you can see on its own it performs well. Add another LED from a different manufacture. Wow what happened, did anyone order disco lights? This is due to the different driver designs in the base of the lamp. Technical Tip Two Always use LEDS of the same type and manufacture on one circuit.

+ Lesson 1 – Summary All the lamps in Lesson 1 have used a GU10 pin base and are directly mains fed If you follow some simple rules you can normally find a lamp and dimmer that will work together. If you are going to retrofit LED its always a good idea to replace the dimmer at the same time. If you are using a dimming system check to see if the manufacture provides a compatibility chart, listing your proposed LED. Always use a manufacturer who provides a dimmer compatibility chart. Always check how many LEDS can be used on the specified dimmer. You dont want to be the guinea pig

+ Lesson 2 – Low voltage Lamps If you thought the issues we had in lesson 1 were a problem its about to get much harder. GU 5.3 or as most of us know them MR16 lamps use a transformer to step down the mains voltage to 12 volts Typically the transformer has been designed with the lamp forming part of its stabilisation circuit. When it comes to retrofit lamps these do not perform the same way and the transformers tend to fail.

+ Lesson 2 – Demo 1 A common issue seen with MR16 LED is flickering, popping and general poor performance when dimming. A number of well known manufactures dont make MR16 dimmable LEDs for this reason. We are using a top top of the range MR16 led for this test. This LED was voted by Lux magazine as Best for Quality of Light. Whats going on? If you look at our live screen you will note the trace is a mess. This is all caused by a mismatch between the lamp and the transformer. To get this lamp to work we are going to have to change the transformer. A typical transformer will require a minimum load of 20 watts.

+ Lesson 2 – Demo 2 When using dimmable MR 16 LED you will need to use a zero load transformer. This is a transformer that can operate with the very low load of an LED lamp, from zero watts up to the rated maximum. We can now see with a zero load transformer and our top quality lamp that things are much better. The live screen still shows that things are not ideal. If we connect an extra lamp it should now all work fine. Technical Tip Three With MR 16 LED the transformer, lamp and dimmer all have to be matched.

+ Lesson 2 – Summary When using MR 16 you will normally have to change the transformer and the lamp The performance of an MR 16 Lamp comes down to the transformer and dimmer. Not all MR 16 Lamps will dim with all transformers Always use a manufacture who provides a dimmer and transformer compatibility chart. Always check the number of transformers and LEDs that can be used on the specified dimmer. TOP TIP If you are going to change the transformer, why not change the lamp holder and use a mains GU10 Led.

+ Conclusion We are now coming to the end of our session. We hope you have learned something or at least rested your feet. We hope you take away the following tips: Always test the LEDs and Dimmer as a set Always use LEDS of the same type and manufacture on one circuit With MR 16 LED the transformer, lamp and dimmer all have to be matched. Always use a manufacture who provides a dimmer compatibility chart. You dont want to be the guinea pig

+ Questions & Answers

+ Thank you to: