Energy production and catabolism

TABLE 13.1 2

Adenosine Triphosphate ATP contains a base, sugar, and three phosphates. Under physiological conditions, ATP always forms a complex with Mg2+. Figure 13.6 3

Figure 13.7A 4

FADH Flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is another related coenzyme that can transfer electrons. - FADH2: reduced form - FAD: oxidized form Unlike NAD+, FAD is reduced by two electrons and two protons. Figure 13.7B 5

Microbes catalyze many different kinds of substrates or catabolites. Figure 13.11 6

Enzymes Enzymes couple specific energy-yielding reactions with energy-requiring reactions. Figure 13.9 7

Figure 13.13 8

Glucose Breakdown Glucose is catabolized via three main routes. Figure 13.15 9

Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas Pathway In the EMP pathway, a glucose molecule undergoes a stepwise breakdown to two pyruvate molecules. Figure 13.16 10

Figure 13.17 11

Figure 13.19 12

Figure 13.20 13

Figure 13.21 14

Figure 13.24 15

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is catalyzed by a very large multisubunit enzyme called the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). - The net reaction is: Pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA → Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+ Figure 13.25A 16

Figure 13.27 17

Figure 13.28 18

Aromatic Catabolism In anaerobic conditions, benzoate undergoes reductive degradation instead of oxidation. - Benzoate is first activated by acetyl-CoA, then it is reduced by NADPH. Figure 13.30A 19