Development of a canine model of pulmonary emphysema and imaging of the emphysematous lung with infrared thoracoscopy Masashi Gotoh, MD, Taku Okamoto,

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Development of a canine model of pulmonary emphysema and imaging of the emphysematous lung with infrared thoracoscopy Masashi Gotoh, MD, Taku Okamoto, MD, Yasumichi Yamamoto, MD, Dage Liu, MD, Kotaro Kameyama, MD, Eiichi Hayashi, MD, Cheng-Long Huang, MD, Hiroyasu Yokomise, MD The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Volume 126, Issue 6, Pages 1916-1921 (December 2003) DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5223(03)00807-9

Figure 1 Infrared thoracoscopy display system. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2003 126, 1916-1921DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(03)00807-9)

Figure 2 Histologic appearance of the normal dog lung is similar to that of the normal human lung (hematoxylin-eosin stain, ×40). The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2003 126, 1916-1921DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(03)00807-9)

Figure 3 Histologic examination of porcine pancreatic elastase–injected lung tissue showed that the alveolar structure was destroyed and pulmonary emphysema was present (hematoxylin and eosin stain, ×40). The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2003 126, 1916-1921DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(03)00807-9)

Figure 4 Chest computed tomography showing pulmonary emphysema (arrows) induced by PPE injection. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2003 126, 1916-1921DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(03)00807-9)

Figure 5 Infrared thoracoscopic findings in the normal lung tissue of the control dog before indocyanine green (ICG) injection (A), 6 seconds after ICG injection (B), and 8 seconds after ICG injection (C). Blue staining of the lung began approximately 6 seconds after intravenous injection, and the staining peaked at 8 seconds. After ICG intravenous injection, areas of atelectasis appeared as a rich, strong blue. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2003 126, 1916-1921DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(03)00807-9)

Figure 6 Thoracoscopic and histologic findings in the emphysematous lung. A, Thoracoscopy revealed areas of faster and slower onset of blue staining. B, Histologic examination revealed a damaged alveolar structure in the area of slower onset of staining (hematoxylin and eosin stain, ×40). C, Histologic examination revealed an alveolar structure similar to that of the normal human lung (hematoxylin and eosin stain, ×40). The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2003 126, 1916-1921DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(03)00807-9)