Chemsheets AS006 (Electron arrangement)

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Presentation transcript:

Chemsheets AS006 (Electron arrangement) 13/05/2019 www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk ALDEHYDES & KETONES © www.chemsheets.co.uk A2 1049 2-June-2016

ALDEHYDES methanal ethanal propanal 3-methylbutanal © www.chemsheets.co.uk A2 1049 2-June-2016

KETONES propanone butanone pentan-3-one 4-methylpentan-2-one © www.chemsheets.co.uk A2 1049 2-June-2016

OXIDATION & REDUCTION © www.chemsheets.co.uk A2 1049 2-June-2016

OXIDATION & REDUCTION Tollen’s reagent, contains [Ag(NH3)2]+ Used to test for aldehydes – gives silver mirror Reduced from Ag(+1) to Ag(0)

OXIDATION & REDUCTION Fehling’s solution, contains Cu(+2) Used to test for aldehydes – gives brick-red precipitate of Cu2O Reduced from Cu(+2) to Cu(+1)

OXIDATION & REDUCTION Acidified potassium dichromate, contains Cr2O72- Used to test for alcohols (1y and 2y) & aldehydes – goes from orange Cr2O72- to green Cr3+ Reduced from Cr(+6) to Cr(+3)

OXIDATION & REDUCTION Distillation Reflux Aldehyde condenses back into reaction mixture and reacts further Alcohols and carboxylic acids (have hydrogen bonds between molecules) have higher bpts than aldehydes – so aldehyde can be distilled out as formed

NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION + – Addition reactions: atoms add across C=O to the C and O C is + so attacked by nucleophiles (electron pair donors) The three atoms attached to the C are planar © www.chemsheets.co.uk A2 1049 2-June-2016

NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION Reduction with NaBH4 © www.chemsheets.co.uk A2 1026 25-May-2016

NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION e.g. ethanal + NaBH4 © www.chemsheets.co.uk A2 1026 25-May-2016

NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION e.g. propanone + NaBH4 © www.chemsheets.co.uk A2 1026 25-May-2016

NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION Reaction with KCN then acid © www.chemsheets.co.uk A2 1026 25-May-2016

NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION many hydroxynitriles contain chiral C formed as racemic mixture (50/50 mixture of enantiomers) as equal chance of attack from above & below plane © www.chemsheets.co.uk A2 1026 25-May-2016

© www.chemsheets.co.uk A2 1026 25-May-2016

NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION e.g. propanone + KCN then acid © www.chemsheets.co.uk A2 1026 25-May-2016

NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION e.g. propanal + KCN then acid © www.chemsheets.co.uk A2 1026 25-May-2016