DNA replication, transcription, & translation

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Presentation transcript:

DNA replication, transcription, & translation How you go from DNA to proteins

Watson & Crick double helix In 1953, Watson & Crick discovered the structure of DNA- the… double helix

Remember DNA is in the nucleus of cells Chromosomes are made up of DNA Where is DNA? DNA is in the nucleus of cells What is made up of DNA? Chromosomes are made up of DNA

Remember as well… Before a cell divides (mitosis) it has to do what? Copy its DNA, (and grow)

DNA replication An enzyme unzips (or takes apart) the double helix Each strand acts as a template for the new strand A T C G get added to the growing strand An enzyme “proofreads” or double checks the new DNA to make sure there are no mistakes

Watch DNA replication http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/dna-rna2.swf http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/media/DNAi_replication_vo1-lg.mov

DNA contains genes Genes are parts of the DNA that code for traits But how do we get from DNA to traits that we see?

First DNA is used to make RNA This process is called transcription RNA replaces T with U! This type of RNA= messenger RNA, or mRNA

Watch transcription http://www-class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/animation/gene/gene_a2.html Transcription

Review: Transcription Enzyme unzips DNA RNA polymerase starts transcription RNA bases are matched to one strand of DNA RNA strand is released

DNA is a double helix, RNA is not!

PRACTICE! Write the DNA strand: A C G G C T T A C T G G C A T T Now you figure out the RNA strand. Answer: U G C C G A A U G A C C G U A A

Messenger RNA mRNA carries the message of your genetic code It leaves the nucleus and goes into the cytoplasm where there are ribosomes

Serine-Histidine-Glycine Genetic Code Now you have mRNA carrying the genetic code You read the sequence of letters 3 bases at a time: UCG-CAC-GGU The 3 letter codes are called codons and stand for an amino acid: UCG-CAC-GGU There are 20 amino acids that make up ALL the proteins in your body! Serine-Histidine-Glycine

PRACTICE: 1. GCU 2. AAA 3. CGA 4. UUC

From RNA to protein This process is called Translation mRNA attaches to ribosome – rRNA found in ribosome acts as translator tRNA anticodons match up with mRNA codons and carry the amino acid The amino acids bond together to form a protein

Watch translation..TWICE! http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swf http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swf http://www-class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/animation/gene/gene_a3.html

REVIEW! DNA replication gives us: 2 copies of DNA Transcription gives us: mRNA Translation gives us: amino acid chain (protein!) Proteins give us traits!