Photomechanical Transcutaneous Delivery of Macromolecules1 Shun Lee, Daniel J. McAuliffe, Thomas J. Flotte, Nikiforos Kollias, Apostolos G. Doukas  Journal of Investigative Dermatology  Volume 111, Issue 6, Pages 925-929 (December 1998) DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00415.x Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Experimental arrangement. Photomechanical (stress) waves are generated by ablation of the target material and propagated through the coupling medium. The radiation was completely absorbed by the target so that the SC was exposed only to photomechanical waves. Insert: the waveform of a photomechanical wave generated by the ablation of black polystyrene with a single 23 ns Q-switched ruby laser pulse. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 925-929DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00415.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 (a) Fluorescence and (b) transmission photomicrographs of a site exposed to a photomechanical wave. The photomicrographs show a cross-section of the skin. SC, stratum corneum; D, dermis. Thearrow labeled LSW shows the direction of the photomechanical wave. The macromolecular probe was Rhodamine B dextran, 40 kDa molecular weight.Scale bar: 50 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 925-929DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00415.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 (a) Fluorescence and (b) transmission photomicrographs of a control site (i.e., not exposed to a photomechanical wave and where the macromolecular probe was Rhodamine B dextran, 40 kDa molecular weight). The photomicrographs show a cross-section of the skin. SC, stratum corneum; D, dermis; H, hair follicle.Scale bar: 50 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 925-929DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00415.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Photomicrograph of rat skin stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The photomicrographs show a cross-section of the skin SC, stratum corneum; D, dermis.Scale bar: 50 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 925-929DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00415.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Fluorescence spectroscopy. (a) The fluorescence spectra (excitation 568 nm) before the experiment (baseline), immediately after exposure to the photomechanical wave in the presence of 40 kDa dextran (after LSW), and after the SC was removed by tape-stripping (SC removed). (b) The emission spectra of the exposed (+LSW) and control (–LSW) sites after subtraction of the baseline. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 925-929DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00415.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 The fluorescence spectra (excitation 568 nm) of a site exposed to a photomechanical wave using 20 nm latex particles as the probe material (+LSW) and the control site (–LSW). Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 925-929DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00415.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions