AP PSYCHOLOGY Unit I Trivia Review: History, Approaches & Research Methods

Round 1: The History of Psychology

Round 1: Question 1 QUESTION: In 1879, this man, determined to make psychology its own academic disciple, established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. ANSWER: Wilhelm Wundt (the “father” of psychology)

Round 1: Question 2 QUESTION: Which of the major historical approaches to psychology would agree with the following statement: “the melody of a song is greater than its individual notes…” ANSWER: Gestalt Psychology (top-down processing; Max Wertheimer;“the whole is greater than the sum of its parts…”)

Round 1: Question 3 QUESTION: The idea of “tabula rasa” as proposed by philosophers such as Aristotle and John Locke demonstrates what major issue in the modern psychological community? ANSWER: Nature v. nurture

Round 1: Question 3 QUESTION: Which of the major historical approaches to psychology was most concerned with the mind’s ability to adapt to its environment/surroundings? ANSWER: Functionalism (founder – William James)

Round 1: Question 5 QUESTION: In which setting do the majority of modern psychologists work? ANSWER: Colleges & universities (approximately 35%)

Round 2: Major Schools of Thought

Round 2: Question 1 QUESTION: Why did John Watson object to Sigmund Freud & his interest in the psychodynamic approach to psychology? ANSWER: Watson disliked the fact that Freud attributed human behaviors to the unconscious mind – an unobservable element of the human mind; Watson believed that psychology should be the study of observable behaviors.

Round 2: Question 2 QUESTION: A psychologist that studies the impact of hormones on post-menopausal women is most likely using the ____ approach of psychology. ANSWER: Biological/Biopsychology (also referred to as neuroscience)

Round 2: Question 3 QUESTION: The development of humanistic psychology during the 1960s is often attributed to this man. ANSWER: Abraham Maslow (Carl Rogers was another pioneer in this movement)

Round 2: Question 4 QUESTION: Gestalt psychology was most influential to the development of which modern school of psychological thought? ANSWER: Cognitive psychology (developed during the 1950s; the “cognitive revolution”; led by psychologist George Miller)

Round 2: Question 5 QUESTION: What type of psychologist would be most likely to treat a paranoid schizophrenic who frequently experiences delusions and hallucinations? ANSWER: Clinical psychologist (treat more severe problems, as opposed to counseling psychologists)

Round 3: Research Methods

Round 3: Question 1 QUESTION: According to psychologists, what are the primary goals of psychological research? ANSWER: (1) Measurement/Description (2) Understanding/Prediction (3) Application/Control

Round 3: Question 2 QUESTION: Explain the difference between random sampling and random assignment. ANSWER: Random sampling happens prior to the experiment in order to ensure a representative sample; random assignment is the method in which researchers assign participants to either the control group or the experimental group (ensures similarity)

Round 3: Question 3 QUESTION: Explain the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable in an experiment. ANSWER: In an experimental group, the independent variable is thought to impact or change the dependent variable...

Round 3: Question 4 QUESTION: In order for an experimental variable to be considered “measurable” researchers must first establish a(n) _____. ANSWER: Operational definition

Round 3: Question 5 QUESTION: How does a single-blind study differ from a double-blind study? ANSWER: Single-blind – subjects are in the dark, prevents the placebo effect; Double-blind – both subjects and researchers are in the dark, prevents the placebo effect & the experimenter effect.

Round 4: Psychological Statistics

Round 4: Question 1 QUESTION: What is the best measure of central tendency in the presence of a skewed distribution? ANSWER: Median

Round 4: Question 2 QUESTION: What two elements of a correlational relationship do correlation coefficients (r) demonstrate? ANSWER: Strength of relationship & direction of relationship.

Round 4: Question 3 QUESTION: Explain how one would interpret a p-value of 0.15. ANSWER: The data is NOT statistically significant; the probability that the results were due to chance was 15 times out of 100.

Round 4: Question 4 QUESTION: Provide an example of both a positive correlation and a negative correlation. ANSWER: Positive – as alcohol consumption increases, the likelihood of DUI increases; Negative – as levels of activity increase, the likelihood of heart attack decreases

Round 4: Question 5 QUESTION: Explain the bell curve in terms of its standard deviations. ANSWER: 68.3% of the population falls within one SD in either direction; 95.4% of the population falls within two SDs in either direction; 99.7% of the population falls within three SDs in either direction…

BONUS ROUND QUESTION: According to the APA, there are 5 major ethical considerations when conducting psychological research. What are they? ANSWER: (1) Voluntary/informed consent (2) No physical/psychological harm (3) Deception only if debriefed (4) Privacy rights (5) Animal harm acceptable if…