Volume 18, Issue 12, Pages (December 2011)

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Volume 18, Issue 12, Pages 1640-1648 (December 2011) Paenibacillus polymyxa PKB1 Produces Variants of Polymyxin B-Type Antibiotics Mohamed Shaheen, Jingru Li, Avena C. Ross, John C. Vederas, Susan E. Jensen Chemistry & Biology Volume 18, Issue 12, Pages 1640-1648 (December 2011) DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.09.017 Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Structure of Polymyxins (A) Structure of polymyxin B (1 and 2). (B) Amino acid variations found in some naturally occurring polymyxins. DAB, 2,4-diaminobutyrate. Chemistry & Biology 2011 18, 1640-1648DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.09.017) Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Gene Cluster for Polymyxin Biosynthesis in P. polymyxa PKB1 (A) Gray arrows represent NRPS genes whereas black arrows represent ABC transporter-like genes, and the direction of the arrows indicates the direction of transcription. Black bars, labeled probes 1 and 2, represent the probes used to screen the fosmid library. The figure is drawn to scale. (B) Module and domain arrangement of the NRPSs for polymyxin biosynthesis. See also Figure S3 in support of this figure. Chemistry & Biology 2011 18, 1640-1648DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.09.017) Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Production of Bioactive Metabolites by Wild-Type and Mutant Strains of P. polymyxa PKB1 (A) Agar diffusion bioassay of clarified methanol extracts (100 μl) of culture supernatants from wild-type, ΔpmxC+D, and ΔpmxE strains. (B) Bioactivity due to polymyxin and fusaricidin production by various mutant strains. Chemistry & Biology 2011 18, 1640-1648DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.09.017) Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 HPLC and Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Culture Supernatants of P. polymyxa PKB1 Wild-Type and Mutant Strains (A) Methanol extract of wild-type culture supernatant was separated by HPLC, and fractions were collected and bioassayed to locate active peaks. Each active peak was analyzed by LC-MS, and the mass spectra obtained are shown (insets). (B) HPLC profiles for methanol extracts of culture supernatants from wild-type and ΔpmxE and ΔpmxC mutant strains. See also Figure S1 and Table S1 in support of this figure. Chemistry & Biology 2011 18, 1640-1648DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.09.017) Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 HPLC Analysis of Culture Supernatant from Wild-Type P. polymyxa PKB1 in Comparison to Authentic Polymyxin B Standard Samples of methanol extracts of culture supernatant alone, polymyxin B standard alone, and an equal mixture of the two were subjected to HPLC analysis. Fractions were collected and analyzed for bioactivity. Bioactive peaks are marked with an “×.” Chemistry & Biology 2011 18, 1640-1648DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.09.017) Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Chiral GC/MS Chromatogram Showing the Constituent Amino Acids of D-DAB3-Polymyxin B1 (3) after Acidic Hydrolysis and Subsequent Derivatization as Pentafluoropropanamide Isopropyl Esters The amino acids of the peptides are labeled on the trace. See also Figure S2 in support of this figure. Chemistry & Biology 2011 18, 1640-1648DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.09.017) Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 Chemical Structure of D-DAB3-Polymyxin B1 (3) and D-DAB3-Polymyxin B2 (4) B1 when R = CH3 and B2 when R = H. Chemistry & Biology 2011 18, 1640-1648DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.09.017) Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions