Power system operation and control By : SYEDA AYESHA FATIMA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR EEE DEPARTMENT

Per Phase Analysis Per phase analysis allows analysis of balanced 3 systems with the same effort as for a single phase system. Balanced 3 Theorem: For a balanced 3 system with: All loads and sources Y connected, No mutual Inductance between phases.

Per Phase Analysis, cont’d Then All neutrals are at the same potential, All phases are COMPLETELY decoupled, All system values are the same “sequence” as sources. That is, peaks of phases occur in the same order. The sequence order we’ve been using (phase b lags phase a and phase c lags phase b) is known as “positive” sequence; in EE368L we’ll discuss “negative” and “zero” sequence systems.

Per Phase Analysis Procedure To do per phase analysis Convert all  load/sources to equivalent Y’s. Solve phase “a” independent of the other phases Total system power S = 3 Va Ia* If desired, phase “b” and “c” values can be determined by inspection (i.e., ±120° degree phase shifts) If necessary, go back to original circuit to determine line-line values or internal  values.

Per Phase Example Assume a 3, Y-connected generator with Van = 10 volts supplies a -connected load with Z = -j through a transmission line with impedance of j0.1 per phase. The load is also connected to a -connected generator with Va’’b’’ = 10 through a second transmission line which also has an impedance of j0.1 per phase. Find 1. The load voltage Va’b’ 2. The total power supplied by each generator, SY and S

Per Phase Example, cont’d + -

Per Phase Example, cont’d

Per Phase Example, cont’d

Per Phase Example, cont’d What is real power into load? Is this a reasonable dispatch of generators? What is causing real power flow from Y-connected generator to -connected generator?

Power System Operations Overview Goal is to provide an intuitive feel for power system operation Emphasis will be on the impact of the transmission system Introduce basic power flow concepts through small system examples

Power System Basics All power systems have three major components: Generation, Load and Transmission/Distribution. Generation: Creates electric power. Load: Consumes electric power. Transmission/Distribution: Moves electric power from generation to load. Lines/transformers operating at voltages above 100 kV are usually called the transmission system. The transmission system is usually networked. Lines/transformers operating at voltages below 100 kV are usually called the distribution system. The distribution system is usually radial except in urban areas.

Small PowerWorld Simulator Case Pie chart and numbers show real and reactive power flow Closed circuit breaker is shown as red box Load with green arrows indicating amount of MW flow Voltage shown in normalized “per unit” values Note real and reactive power balance at each bus Used to control output of generator Direction of arrow on line is used to Indicate direction of real power (MW) flow

Power Balance Constraints Power flow refers to how the power is moving through the system. At all times in the simulation the total power flowing into any bus MUST be zero! This is due to Kirchhoff’s current law. It can not be repealed or modified! Power is lost in the transmission system: If losses are small, the sending and receiving end power may appear the same when shown to two significant figures.

Basic Power Control Opening a circuit breaker causes the power flow to (nearly) instantaneously change. Other ways to directly control power flow in an AC transmission line require either power electronics, or transformers, or both: See “phase shifting transformers” in lecture 10. By changing generation (or, in principle, by changing load) we can indirectly change this flow.

Transmission Line Limits Power flow in transmission line is limited by heating considerations. Losses (I2 R) heat up the line, causing it to sag. Each line has a limit: Simulator does not allow you to continually exceed this limit. Many transmission owners use winter/summer limits. Some transmission owners, eg Oncor, are moving to “dynamic” ratings that consider temperature etc.

Overloaded Transmission Line