Classification of Living Things Chapter 18 http://analyzer.depaul.edu/astrobiology/kingdoms.jpg

_______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their _________________________ Does it have a backbone? Feathers? Gills? Flippers? __________________________ How has organism changed in fossil record? What other organisms is it related to?

The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher _______________ more than 2000 years ago. (300 B.C.) Image from: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html

Aristotle’s system _____________ _____________ Based on size of stem By: Riedell _____________ _____________ Based on size of stem Based on where they lived

Problems? Ex: Bacteria Fungi 1. Not all organisms fit into Aristotle’s 2 groups (plants or animals) Ex: Bacteria Fungi Images from: http://www.leighday.co.uk/upload/public/docImages/6/Listeria%20bacteria.jpg http://danny.oz.au/travel/iceland/p/3571-fungi.jpg

Problems? Ex: A jelly fish isn’t a fish, but a seahorse is! 2. Common names can be misleading Ex: A jelly fish isn’t a fish, but a seahorse is! Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal! Image from: http://www.alaska.net/~scubaguy/images/seacucumber.jpg

Problems? 3. Common names vary from place to place Ex: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar are all names for same animal Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg

Problems? 4. Same organisms have different names in different countries. Chipmunk Streifenhornchen (German) Tamia (Italian) Ardilla listada (Spanish) Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

Solution? Some early scientists devised scientific names using long descriptions in LATIN. RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis

PROBLEMS? RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis “oak with leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hairlike bristles” PROBLEMS? Names too hard and long to remember! Names don’t show relationships between different animals

Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue! Devised a new classification system based on _________________ (Organism’s form and structure) (1707-1778) Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg

Linnaeus’s System Grouped in a _____________ of 7 different levels Each organism has a two part LATIN __________________

Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera leo http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg

Kidspiration by Riedell

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2 name naming system) 1st name = _______________ Always capitalized 2nd name = _________________ Always lower case Both names are ______________ or written in ____________.

Binomial Nomenclature Vampire bat Desmodus rotundus Image from: http://212.84.179.117/i/Vampire%20Bat.jpg Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

Binomial nomenclature Humans Homo sapiens Homo sapiens Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg

So what do we use now? MODERN TAXONOMY Remember: Linnaeus only had 2. Still use Linnaeus’s system: but we have added more _____________ Remember: Linnaeus only had 2.

Modern Taxonomy Kidspiration by Riedell

MODERN TAXONOMY organizes living things in the context of _________________ http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/dino/FlyingDinosaurus-Pterodon-fossil.jpg

MODERN TAXONOMY Scientists use different kinds of info to classify organisms: ______________________

1. FOSSIL RECORD Evolutionary history = _____________ We can trace some changes over time through the fossil record. Evolutionary history = _____________ http://www.familyeducation.com/printables/display/0,2361,1650,00.gif

2. MORPHOLOGY Shape and Function   Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html

MORPHOLOGY Homologous characteristics suggest a _____________________. same embryological origin (may have similar structure and function) EX: __________________________ Homologous characteristics suggest a _____________________.

HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES   Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html Bat wing and human arm develop from same embryonic structures

MORPHOLOGY ______________ characteristics: may have similar structure & function but different embryological origin EX: _______________________ ANALOGOUS ANALOGOUS characteristics evolved separately. Organisms ________________________.

have evolved with similar function BUT different structure inside. ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES Bird wing and butterfly wing have evolved with similar function BUT different structure inside. http://uk.dk.com/static/cs/uk/11/clipart/bird/image_bird003.html Insects and birds NOT closely related! http://www.naturenorth.com/butterfly/images/05a%20tiger%20wing.jpg

Even differences show relatedness amnion /am·ni·on/ (am´ne-on) bag of waters; the extraembryonic membrane of birds, reptiles, and mammals, which lines the chorion and contains the fetus and the amniotic fluid http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/27/117227-050-E1C9ABEE.jpg http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/amnions

3. EMBRYOLOGY Animals whose embryos develop in a similar pattern may be related Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml

4. CHROMOSOMES Similar karyotypes suggest closer relationships. Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.

Even differences show relatedness Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes Even differences show relatedness Chimpanzees have 2 smaller chromosome pairs we don’t have Humans have 1 larger chromosome pair (#2) they don’t have. Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.

____________________ TELOMERES IN MIDDLE ____________________ All chromosomes have special sequences called TELOMERES at their ends to protect the strands during replication. http://joannenova.com.au/Speaking/Morslids.html

→ → → 2. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE Human chromosome is only human chromosome that has telomere sequences at the ends BUT ALSO IN THE MIDDLE . . . suggesting it was made by joining two other chromosomes together. → → http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm

→ EXTRA CENTROMERE _________________ Chromosome #2 has a second inactive centromere region . . . suggesting it was made by joining two other chromosomes together. Which chromosomes? → http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm

________________________ BANDING PATTERN MATCHES ________________________ If you take the two smaller chromosomes they have that we don’t, and place them end to end, the banding pattern is identical to human chromosome #2 http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm

5. MACROMOLECULES Compare molecules like _________________ _________________ Organisms with similar sequences are probably more closely related. See page 334-335

_________________- based on multiple kinds of evidence So what do we use now? _________________- based on multiple kinds of evidence 6 KINGDOMS Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Shows evolutionary relationships based on: Morphology Fossil records Embryology Chromosomes Macromolecules (DNA & Proteins)

6 KINGDOM SYSTEM These relationships can be shown in a diagram called a _____________________ Image from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg

_____________ So what do we use now? OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY BESIDES the 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM: _____________ Shows evolutionary relationships based on: _____________________________

CLADISTICS Cladistic relationships are shown in a diagram called a_________________ Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg

So what do we use now? 3 DOMAIN SYSTEM Group organisms based on the OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY BESIDES the 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM: 3 DOMAIN SYSTEM Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Group organisms based on the kind of ______________ they have