There’s NO ZOO in Zoology An Odyssey of Animal Diversity

Phylogeny & Taxonomy Phylogeny Evolutionary relationship of animal groups Established by comparative study of homologies Anatomical Embryological Molecular Taxonomy Naming of groups Based on phylogenic relationships and homologies at Domain, Kingdom, Phylum level Based on individual traits at Genus & species level

Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Archae, Bacteria, Eukarya Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi 11 major & 9 minor phyla of Animalia Genus species binomial nomenclature used to specifically identify organisms Other intermediate taxonomic levels: subphylum, subclass, subspecies

Taxonomy of Humans Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens

Phylogenic Distinctions Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Protista Protozoans Fig. 9.9a

A Colonial Protist - Volvox Colonial Protists began to have specialized cell types Specialized cell types - hallmark of multicellular organisms

Phylogenic Distinctions Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Fig. 9.9a

Phylogenic Distinctions Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Fig. 9.9a Phylum Cnideria

Fig. 44.11

Body Axes Radiate Animals Oral – Aboral Axis Bisection of the animal by any plane radiating from the oral-aboral axis will produce symmetrical halves There are an infinite # of radiating planes aboral Mouth oral

Body Axes Bilateral Animals Anterior-Posterior Axis Dorsal-Ventral Axis Left-Right Axis Only bisection by a plane along anterior-posterior axis (sagittal plane) will produce symmetrical halves

Phylogenic Distinctions Bilaterata Deuterotosomes blastopore forms anus Protosomes blastopore forms mouth Fig. 9.9b

Protostomes vs Deuterostomes Figure 3_08

Phylogenic Distinctions Bilaterata Deuterotosomes blastopore forms anus Protosomes blastopore forms mouth Ecdyzoa Lophotrochozoa Fig. 9.9b

Phylogenic Distinctions Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Phylum Cnideria Deuterostomata Protostomata Coelomic cavity Fig. 9.9a Phylum Platyhelminthes

No cavity – internal organs imbedded in solid mass of tissue Body Cavity Types No cavity – internal organs imbedded in solid mass of tissue platyhelminthes Fig. 9.12

Pseudocoel - Cavity without attachment to internal organs Body Cavity Types Pseudocoel - Cavity without attachment to internal organs Protostomes

True coelom – cavity with tissue attaching viscera to body wall Body Cavity Types True coelom – cavity with tissue attaching viscera to body wall Deuterostomes

Phylogenic Distinctions Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Phylum Cnideria Deuterostomata Protostomata Coelomic cavity Fig. 9.9a Phylum Platyhelminthes

Phylogenic Distinctions Protostomata Phylum Nematoda, Rotifera, Nematamorpha Fig. 9.9b

Phylogenic Distinctions Protosomes blastopore forms mouth Phylum Nematoda Fig. 9.9b Phylum Mollusca

Fig. 45.2

Phylogenic Distinctions Phylum Nematoda Protosomes blastopore forms mouth Deuterotosomes blastopore forms anus Phylum Annelida Fig. 9.9b Phylum Mollusca

Phylogenic Distinctions Phylum Nematoda Protosomes Euceolomates blastopore of forms mouth Deuterotosomes Euceolomates blastopore of forms anus Fig. 9.9b Phylum Mollusca Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Annelida

Phylogenic Distinctions Phylum Nematoda Protosomes blastopore of forms mouth Deuterotosomes blastopore of forms anus Fig. 9.9b Phylum Mollusca Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Annelida

Fig. 47.3

Phylogenic Distinctions Phylum Nematoda Protosomes blastopore of forms mouth Deuterotosomes blastopore of forms anus Phylum Chordata Fig. 9.9b Phylum Mollusca Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Annelida

Protostomes vs Deuterostomes Figure 3_08

Fig. 48.2

Primitive Chordate Body Plan Post-anal tail

A Typical Vertebrate

Fig. 9.14 Fig. 9.14