History of the Ancient and Medieval World Staging Absolutism Louis XIV and Versailles Walsingham Academy Mrs. McArthur Room 111

Emerging Nation States The Renaissance The Voyages Of Discovery The Reformation The Scientific Revolution The New Monarchies Emerging Nation States Foundation of Modern Europe

The monarch must break feudal ties to past The New Monarchies Machiavelli’s view of the successful ruler The prince: agent of change in state formation The need for unity, security and prosperity “How to” model: Absolutism emerges on continent The monarch must break feudal ties to past What to look for in the successful state

The New Monarchies (cont.) Church and nobility subordinated to monarch Bureaucracy to supervise royal policies Royal system of justice Royal monopoly on military power Dependable and adequate source of income Winners and losers in the modern Europe

Impact of Reformation A tale of 3 countries (review) England Act of Supremacy (1534) Elizabethan Settlement Holy Roman Empire Thirty Years’ War Peace of Westphalia (1648) Rise of Prussia & Austria France Civil War Edict of Nantes (1598) St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: 1572

France in the 16th Century Francis I (Renaissance arrives, along with Leonardo) Henry II (Diane de Poitiers vs. Catherine de Medici) Killed in a tournament, power vacuum 3 weak sons wrestle for control with “help” from mom Civil War St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 3 Henrys Henry IV converts (“Paris is worth a mass!” - Paris vaut bien une messe.) Edict of Nantes (1598) Document of Religious Toleration (Band-Aid) State trumps Religion (Politique)

France: Model Absolutist State The Great Monarchs Henry IV with Sully (1589-1610) Louis XIII with Richelieu (1610-1643) Louis XIV with Mazarin and then sole rule (1643-1715) Cardinal Richelieu

The Challenges Rebuilding France after disastrous religious civil war of 16th century: (Henry IV and Sully)) “a chicken in every pot” “Cultivation and pasturage are the mother’s milk of France.” Centralizing and expanding government functions: civil service (including tax collection,) justice, military. Breaking feudal ties to extend royal power Forging a French cultural identity; replacing regional loyalties with national ones: language, religion. Revocation of Edict of Nantes, 1685 “One King, One Law, One Faith” Creating an ideological basis for royal absolute rule: “Princes are gods.” (Bossuet articulates “Divine Right” view of Kingship) “I am the State.” (Louis XIV)

Assignment 1: due Tues., 5/22 Read text, pp 510-514 Identify new terms Answer 4 Checkpoint Questions. Study the graphic organizer on next slide "Louis XIV, 1673," by Pierre Mignard. representing Louis in terms of martial and classical glory.

Assignment 2: due Wed., 5/23 Answer thematic questions: Biography, pp 511, Primary Source, pp 512 Infographic, pp 513 Ballet: Brought to France from Italy by Catherine de Medici, ballet was originally a spectacle with elaborate costumes, songs, poetry, and dance. In the court of Louis XIV, the king and his courtiers performed the ballets themselves. At age 14, Louis danced the role of Apollo, god of the sun, and later became known as the Sun King. His courtiers had to learn and practice many complex dances and perform them at the king’s whim. Courtiers stood and bowed in what became ballet’s 5-foot positions. When he grew older, Louis stopped dancing and so did his courtiers! Louis then started the first professional ballet school. Only later did ballet develop lighter costumes, slippers without heels and dancing en pointe. Louis as the sun (See NotesPage)

Versailles: “Theater of Power” All nobles required to spend time there. The palace housed royal family and their 5,000 servants, 1,000 nobles and their 4,000 servants. (9,000 soldiers as well as thousands more artisans and civil servants lived in the town.) Selected nobles allowed to participate in the carefully-orchestrated rituals intended to manipulate and control. Demonstration of the power and benevolence of the monarch Display legitimizes the monarch’s power while underlining the oneness with God and the State. Civil Servants run an increasingly bureaucratic state.

Life at Versailles Why did Louis structure life at Versailles around rituals and extravagant events? Doing so enabled him to keep the nobles under his surveillance and control. Also dependent on him. Court Etiquette The strictness of etiquette at Versailles made it almost impossible to relax. A noble would never consider walking out of his court appointed place in a royal procession. Knocking on a door was forbidden. Instead, one was to scratch on the door with the fingernail of the little finger. Any digression from court etiquette subjected one to open derision and ridicule for days and might even result in banishment from court. One duchesse who sat down at a gaming table when she was not playing was never invited to the palace of Versailles again.

From Renaissance to Revolution Assignment 3: due Fri., 5/25 Review for exam: Consult SPA Prepare any questions for class discussion SCA Extra-Credit performances Expansion of France From Renaissance to Revolution

Images of Absolutism

Louis as Roman Emperor Louis’ signature