Figure 7.1 Transferring subsidiary resources to the multinational Can be transferred (not location bound) Superior to elsewhere in multinational? no yes Recognized by the multinational? no Cannot be transferred (location bound) yes Effectively used by the multinational? no Figure 7.1 yes Part of multinational’s firm-specific advantage Source: adapted from Birkinshaw et al (1998)
Figure 7.2 Correlation in cultural characteristics Data source: Hofstede (2003); the 30 countries listed in Table 7.4 are depicted.
Figure 7.3 Increase in taxes if used to prevent environmental pollution
Figure 7.4 Acquisition waves 1895-2012 Source: updated figure provided by McCarthy (2011, p.16).
European countries (square) and other countries (circle Figure 7.5 Distance distribution of IKEA’s first stores over time, 1963-2011 European countries (square) and other countries (circle Figure 7.5a Data sources: www.ikea.com for first stores, www.distance-calculator.co.uk for distances from Almhult to first store locations, and www.cepii.fr for worldwide average distance to Sweden. Regression lines for European countries significant, for other countries not significant; overall regression significant for cultural distance, not for geographic distance. Average distance from Sweden to 224 other countries is 6826 km; average distance from Almhult to first stores is 3763 km
European countries (square) and other countries (circle Figure 7.5 Distance distribution of IKEA’s first stores over time, 1963-2011 European countries (square) and other countries (circle Figure 7.5b Data sources: www.ikea.com for first stores, www.distance-calculator.co.uk for distances from Almhult to first store locations, and www.cepii.fr for worldwide average distance to Sweden. Regression lines for European countries significant, for other countries not significant; overall regression significant for cultural distance, not for geographic distance. Average distance from Sweden to 224 other countries is 6826 km; average distance from Almhult to first stores is 3763 km