How to Pay For these Programs Excise taxes, personal income taxes, inheritance taxes, corporate income taxes, holding company taxes and so-called "excess profits" taxes all went up TAXES!!! excise taxes levied on alcoholic beverages (prohibition ended), cigarettes, matches, candy, chewing gum, margarine, fruit juice, soft drinks, cars, tires (including tires on wheelchairs), telephone calls, movie tickets, playing cards, electricity, radios

Court Packing Supreme Court invalidated the NRA, AAA, and various other state reforms Constitution did not specify # of Judges FDR asked for congress to pass a bill that would allow him to appoint 6 new judges Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin viewed as tyrannical dictators Failure

Criticism of the New Deal Creeping Socialism Wasteful Encouraged planned deficit spending Made people lazy Government had gotten too large Said FDR was pampering labor unions Failure to end the Depression

Critics of the New Deal Huey “Kingfish” Long Governor of LA. Share Our Wealth Society Built a ruthless Political machine Killed by political enemies son “Every man a king, but no one wears a crown”

Share our Wealth Society Promises $5,000 homestead credit allowance to all American families $2,000 guaranteed annual income for all Americans Free college education Shorter working days Government storage of crops to help out both farmers and the poor

Critics of the New Deal Father Coughlin Called the New Deal “Christ’s Deal” Golden hour of the little flower, Broadcasted to 40 million listeners Thought the AAA was negligent in destroying food Unable to become a policy maker in FDR administration Late 30’s he openly supported Hitler & Mussolini

FDR’s Critics > Huey Long and Father Charles Coughlin Populist critics of President Roosevelt Long - Louisiana Governor and U.S. Senator; the rich should “share wealth” Coughlin - Catholic priest, Both used radio effectively Long - the rich should “share wealth” (as Kingfish from Amos’n’Andy show) Coughlin - sermons, attacked “money changers,” but also socialists Both had large following in the early 1930s Long - 8 million members of Share Our Wealth Clubs Coughlin - 40 million listeners in 1930 At first support FDR, then disillusioned Long - till 1933 as U.S. Senator (Democrat) Coughlin - till 1935 through sermons on the radio Long shot in 1935, used for the main character in Robert Penn Warren’s novel All the King’s Men Coughlin turned anti-semitic and conservative after FDR’s reelection in 1936, ordered by his bishop to cease all political activity in 1940

Changes for Women: Several women appointed to government positions. Example- Francis Perkins became the first female cabinet member as Secretary of Labor. She helped create the Social Security system and supervised labor legislation. FDR also appointed two female diplomats and a female federal judge. The NRA set minimum wages lower for women The FERA and CWA hired far fewer women than men and the CCC hired only men.

African American Activism: Roosevelt appointed more than 100 African Americans to key positions in the government. Ex/ Mary McLeod Bethune (head of NYA for Negro affairs) Bethune organized a black cabinet of influential African Americans to advise Roosevelt on racial issues.

President Roosevelt fails to support Civil Rights: Afraid of upsetting white Democrats of the South, he refused to approve a federal antilynching law and an end to the poll tax, both key ideas of the civil rights movement. The NRA, the CCC, and the TVA discriminated against African Americans. In general however, African Americans supported the Roosevelt administration and the New Deal.

Other groups: Mexican Americans supported the New Deal despite the fact that they received fewer benefits than African Americans. Many were disqualified for not having a permanent address. Native Americans received full citizenship by law in 1924. Native American lands would belong to an entire tribe to prevent the selling of land to others not of Native America decent. Boarding schools were reduced and children could attend reservation schools. Tribes could elect tribal councils to govern their own reservations.

The New Deal Coalition: An alignment of diverse groups dedicated to supporting the Democratic Party. It included whites, urban groups, African Americans, and unionized industrial workers. Labor unions flourished as a result of the Wagner Act and other pro-labor legislation. Between 1933 and 1941, membership in labor unions had risen from three to ten million. The Congress of Industrial Organizations was formed to organize industrial unions.