Economics & Environment Extra Help 

Agriculture How many ppl in sub-Saharan Africa are involved in farming? Over 2/3, 70% Draw 2 pics comparing & contrasting shifting farming w/ sedentary farming. Shifting entails moving every 1-3 yrs to clear new land (slash & burn) to make good soil Sedentary is permanent, but only where there already is good soil

Agriculture How does commercial farming pose a risky prob. for some African economies? One bad season (too much rain, drought) or world depression (decrease in good’s price) will ruin entire country’s yearly income

Onion fields in Mali Subsistence farmers in Ghana- palm nuts Chadian farmers riding to market. 75% of the country depends on subsistent farming

Agriculture How did commercial farming in Zimbabwe create probs for subsistence farmers? Plantations will have more $ and power, and be run by descendants of Europeans  get all good land Small-scale farmers rebel  halts large-scale production no $$

Mugabe’s severe land reforms have prevented necessary food production famine, unemployment, inflation have skyrocketed R. Mugabe

Agriculture List 2 conservation farming methods which agriculturists have begun to practice. Conservation farming: planting wisely, plant crops that won’t ruin specific soil as easily Better fertilizers and new seed technology Use irrigation instead of depending on rain

Logging & Fishing Name 3 reasons ppl are cutting down forests? (*1/4 is forest) Need for farmland (rapid pop. growth) Cut wood for fuel and firewood Logging companies export valuable wood for national income (small % of GDP)

Mining Resources Who is the world’s largest producer of gold? Where is it? South Africa; in the Witwatersrand (300 miles long) Which regions are most mineral deposits located? In the southern portion, & along Atlantic coast (west) most populated areas Which countries belongs to OPEC? Nigeria & Angola (Algeria, Libya in North Africa)

Industrialization Why do countries lack industry & manufacturing? Most lack basic needs (capital, infrastructure like bldgs & equipment, cheap nrg, and trained workers) They also have to take out loans just to start Many ship raw materials instead

Industrialization In the late 1990s, what percent of this region’s GDP came from manufacturing? 15% (2009- 12.9%) List at least 3 obstacles to industrialization. Lack of skilled workers (edu. still new) Untapped H20 power Political conflicts (resources diverted) Food is still imported just to feed ppl (focus diverted)

Transportation & Communication Why is creating & maintaining trans. systems so difficult? Lots of Δs in terrain (even up river) Few natural harbors= few ports Lack of skilled managers Wars & lack of $ hinder progress

Transportation & Communication What is the main source of technological communication? Radio TV & phone lines too hard to give to rural areas or across barriers Newspapers not good w/ low lit. rates How has e-commerce impacted the lives of many Africans? With use of cyber-cafes, they can sell their product all over world w/o foreign company interference Locals won’t buy their goods

Shadow of Hunger Name 2 countries on the “horn of Africa”? Land that juts in Indian Ocean, Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti How has the Sahel become desertified? Climate became more arid (major droughts in 60s & 90s) Ppl & animals overgrazed/worked land (no vegetation to hold soil)

The Grand Mosque in Djenne: a good example of Sahelian sand architecture, in which support beams extend outward from the finished walls so that they might be continuously repaired.

Shadow of Hunger List 2 ways war impacts hunger? Halts economic growth Refugees strain resources on others Violence can endanger relief workers, hinder food distribution What 2 factors contribute to starvation in Sudan? Most are subsistence farmers  affected greatly by drought Civil war (over a decade) has led to more refugees, taxes on aid, foreign aid pulling out

Land Use List 3 problems with land use. Deforestation: 1/2 gone; some countries have 90% gone Creating preserves, using tree farming tech. to renew Endangered animals: lose habitats to deforestation, new farmland, & poaching Conservation parks: needed to help animals, but force ppl off land, straining their resources Govn’ts offer ppl part of preserve $$ by working in parks…ECO-TOURISM profits