FOREIGN POLICY AND NATIONAL DEFENSE Chapter 18 FOREIGN POLICY AND NATIONAL DEFENSE

Unilateralism or Multilateralism? President Bush 2002 “Axis of Evil” speech New doctrine of preemption Met with alarm and outrage by America’s allies Put into practice in March 2003, in Iraq Sparked domestic and international debate over American unilateralism v. multilateralism

Foreign Policy And Democracy: A Contradiction in Terms? Foreign policy has traditionally been different from domestic policy. Constitutional power of President as Commander in Chief Tendency for President to prevail over Congress Relatively little influence from public opinion, interest groups and other linkage factors considerations of national interest typically prevail complexity and remoteness of foreign policy matters still, public influence has been increasing concerning trade, immigration, global environmental protection, and corporate behavior abroad

The Superpower Status of the United States The collapse of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact Cold War reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev rise of Boris Yeltsin Disintegration of Soviet Union and collapse of Soviet empire

The Structural Bases of American Superpower Status Economic Power Military Power Soft Power

Problems of the Post-Cold War World The Cold War made global matters relatively simple. Since the end of the Cold War, the world has become much more complex and confusing. Debate over how to deal with this new world Unilateralists Multilateralists

New Security Issues Terrorism Weapons of mass destruction The Middle East The Indian Subcontinent China Ethnic conflicts in the developing world

Economic and Social Dilemmas Globalization has raised a number of issues Trade GATT NAFTA WTO Corporate behavior abroad Intellectual property rights Global economic instability

Economic and Social Dilemmas Foreign aid The global environment The drug trade Immigration

Who Makes Foreign Policy? Overview The President and the executive branch are the primary governmental decision makers concerning most foreign policy issues. Congress is often involved in decisions about foreign trade and aid, military bases and contracts, and other matters that impact on their constituents’ interests. People and institutions in the political sphere affect what both Congress and the executive branch do. Different types of foreign policy are made in very different ways.

The President and the executive branch National Security Council (NSC) Department of State The Department of Defense (DOD) Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) Intelligence agencies National Security Agency (NSA) National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Congress Congress generally plays a less-active role in foreign policy than in domestic policy. Constitutional powers declaration of war approval of treaties appointment of ambassadors investigations 9/11 attacks occupation of Iraq appropriation of money for defense and foreign policy

Public opinion and the mass media Public opinion has substantial effects on foreign policymaking. Yet, the executive branch has considerable leeway; public opinion seldom demands that particular actions be taken in setting foreign policy. The mass media helps to place issues on the agenda and frame the debate about them.

Corporations, interest groups, and social movements try to influence foreign policy on trade receive massive defense contracts Labor unions Farm organizations Ethnic interest groups Israel Cuba South Africa Haiti Global nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) Greenpeace Amnesty International