Pharmacology, Physiology, and Mechanisms of Incretin Hormone Action Jonathan E. Campbell, Daniel J. Drucker Cell Metabolism Volume 17, Issue 6, Pages 819-837 (June 2013) DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.04.008 Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions
Figure 1 Direct Pharmacological Actions of GLP-1R Agonists GLP-1R agonists act directly via the GLP-1R on pancreatic islets, heart, intestine, subpopulations of immune cells, kidney, and brain. Cell Metabolism 2013 17, 819-837DOI: (10.1016/j.cmet.2013.04.008) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions
Figure 2 Indirect Pharmacological Effects of GLP-1R Agonists Activation of GLP-1R signaling pathways in the brain leads to biological actions in the liver, adipose, and gastrointestinal tract. Cell Metabolism 2013 17, 819-837DOI: (10.1016/j.cmet.2013.04.008) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions
Figure 3 Physiological Roles of Endogenous GLP-1 The biological actions of GLP-1 as revealed by loss-of-function studies utilizing Glp1r−/− mice or antagonists of the GLP-1R are shown and summarized in the accompanying table. Cell Metabolism 2013 17, 819-837DOI: (10.1016/j.cmet.2013.04.008) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions
Figure 4 GLP-1 Signal Transduction Pathways in the Pancreatic β Cell Recent studies delineating roles for β-arrestin-1, β-catenin, and IGF-1R signaling in the effects of GLP-1 on insulin secretion, β cell growth, and function are illustrated. Cell Metabolism 2013 17, 819-837DOI: (10.1016/j.cmet.2013.04.008) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions
Figure 5 Biological Actions of GIP The direct and indirect actions of GIP on target tissues are illustrated. Cell Metabolism 2013 17, 819-837DOI: (10.1016/j.cmet.2013.04.008) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions