TGFβ1 Overexpression by Keratinocytes Alters Skin Dendritic Cell Homeostasis and Enhances Contact Hypersensitivity Javed Mohammed, Andrew J. Gunderson,

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TGFβ1 Overexpression by Keratinocytes Alters Skin Dendritic Cell Homeostasis and Enhances Contact Hypersensitivity Javed Mohammed, Andrew J. Gunderson, Hong-Hanh Khong, Richard D. Koubek, Mark C. Udey, Adam B. Glick Journal of Investigative Dermatology Volume 133, Issue 1, Pages 135-143 (January 2013) DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.241 Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Elevated keratinocyte transforming growth factor beta-1 alters migratory dendritic cell (DC) percentages and numbers. Double transgenic (DT) mice were given regular or doxycycline (Dox) chow (1gkg−1) for 2 or 4 days and skin-draining lymph nodes (LNs) were harvested for immunophenotypic analysis of MHCIIhi cells. (a) Gating strategy to identify B220+ plasmacytoid DCs, Langerhans cell, CD207+, and CD207− dermal DC subsets. (b) Analysis of five DC subsets identified in a for their percentages following 2 and 4 days of Dox treatment. In addition, tetramethyl rhodamine iso-thiocyanate (TRITC)+ DC percentages were analyzed 24hours following TRITC painting in a 1:1 solution of acetone and dibutylpthalate. (c) Analysis of five DC subsets identified in a for their numbers following 2 and 4 days of Dox treatment (N=4–8, repeated at least twice with similar results). Error bars=±SEM. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 135-143DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.241) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Increase in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) and dermal DCs (dDCs) in the dermis following transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ1) induction. Single transgenic (ST) and double transgenic (DT) mice were given doxycycline (Dox) chow for 2 and 4 days, and dermal cells prepared from mouse ears following separation of the epidermis and dermis. Percentage of MHCIIhi cells (a) and different dDC subsets of the total dermal cells were analyzed by flow cytometry at day 2 (b) and day 4 (c) of TGFβ1 induction. Error bars= ±SEM. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 135-143DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.241) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Transforming growth factor beta-1 induction does not alter local proliferation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) and dermal DCs in the dermis. (a) Dermal cells were prepared from mouse ears following 2 days of doxycycline (Dox) treatment and 3hours after bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU; 1.5mg per mouse) injection, N=4–6. (b) Dermal cells were prepared following 4 days of Dox treatment and continuous BrdU treatment either in drinking water (0.8mgml−1) or daily intraperitoneal injections (1mg per mouse), N=4–5. Flow cytometric analysis was performed on dermal cells to detect the percentage of BrdU+ DC subsets following the manufacturer's recommended protocols. DT, double transgenic; ST, single transgenic. Error bars=±SEM. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 135-143DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.241) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Keratinocyte transforming growth factor beta-1 promotes migration and increases CD86 expression of migratory dendritic cell (DC) subsets in skin-draining lymph nodes (SDLNs). (a) Dermal sheets were prepared from mouse ears after 4 days of doxycycline (Dox) treatment and analyzed for MHCII+ cells. White arrows represent dermal cords (N=4–6). Dermal cells prepared from mouse ears following 2 (b) and 4 days (c) of Dox treatment were analyzed by flow cytometry for CD86 mean fluorescent intensities (MFI) on various DC subsets. The average raw MFI values from controls for DC subset V were normalized to 1. Data are represented as fold change between the groups (N=5–6). (d) SDLNs harvested from single transgenic (ST) and double transgenic (DT) mice following 2 days of Dox treatment and migratory DCs identified in Figure 1a were analyzed for CD86 expression. Data are represented as fold change as in b (N=5–7). Error bars=±SEM. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 135-143DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.241) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Elevated transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ1) enhances Langerhans cell migration following tetramethyl rhodamine iso-thiocyanate (TRITC)/dibutylpthalate (DBP) treatment in vivo and in skin explant cultures in vitro. Double transgenic (DT) mice were given doxycycline (Dox) chow 18–24hours before painting of shaved belly with 1% TRITC in 1:1 acetone and DBP. Skin-draining lymph nodes were harvested 24 and 72hours post TRITC painting and analyzed for TRITC+ dendritic cell (DC) subsets. (a) Kinetics of the number of individual TRITC+ DC subsets at 24 and 72hours post TRITC (N=4–6). Error bars= ±SEM. (b) Single transgenic (ST) and DT mice were given Dox chow for 24hours and ear skin explant cultures initiated. Cells accumulating in the media were harvested after 48hours, counted, stained for flow cytometric analysis, and represented as the number of DCs migrating into the media per ear. (c) Dermal sheets were prepared from ST and DT ear skin explants following 48hours of culture and MHCII immunofluorescence performed. (d) FVB/n mouse ears were split and floated in complete RPMI media containing TGFβ1 and cultured for 48hours. Cells in the media were analyzed as in (b). For b and c, the results are the average of three independent experiments. LC, Langerhans cell; MHCII, major histocompatibility complex II; pDC, plasmacytoid DC. Error bars=±SEM. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 135-143DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.241) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Transforming growth factor beta-1 induction during sensitization enhances contact hypersensitivity response to DNFB (2,4-dinitro fluorobenzene). Single transgenic (ST) and double transgenic (DT) mice were injected with 500ng doxycycline (Dox) per mouse 18–24hours before sensitization with 0.5% DNFB. Skin-draining lymph nodes (LNs) were harvested 5 days post sensitization and analyzed for CD4 central memory cells (a) and CD4+IFNγ+ cells (b) by flow cytometry (N=2–3). Error bars=±SEM. Alternatively, mice were challenged on both sides of the ear at day 5 using 0.3% DNFB and ears thickness (c) and ear weight (d) analyzed 24hours post challenge. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 135-143DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.241) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions