Principle of coversation

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Presentation transcript:

Principle of coversation Agreement and Politeness

Agreement Principle When we are happy for someone to take the lead in a conversation, we do not wish to impose our ego or our point of view, tacit agreement is the norm – normally signalled by murmurs of assent , short grunts or, at the level of kinesics by nods of approval (feedback). The Agreement Principle does not necessarily mean that the listener agrees with what the first Speaker says, it merely signals that the respondent is supporting the first speaker.

Politeness Principle Robin Lakoff (1973) Language and Woman’s Place pointed out three maxims that are conventionally followed. Together they make up the politeness principle: 1 Don’t impose, 2 Give options 3 Make your receiver feel good. These maxims can explain and describe how many utterances carry no information but have the function of facilitating social interaction:

Face Linguistic politeness also involves the concept of ‘face’. ‘Face’ is your public self-image. it is ‘the emotional and social sense of self that every person has and expects everyone else to recognize.’ (George Yule, The Study of Language, 1985, 1996)

Face Threatening Acts Speech that represents a threat to another persons face is called a face-threatening act; e.g., using a direct speech act to make someone do something. In such circumstances you are acting as though you have more social power than the other person. If you do not actually have that power, it makes your speech act an FTA.

Face-Saving Acts An indirect speech act is an example of a face-saving act. These are meant to reduce potential threats to the other person’s face. e.g., if I formulate a direct speech act as a question, I remove the assumption of social power. I appear to be enquiring about ability and not issuing an order.

Negative Face Face-saving acts can emphasise a person’s negative face or positive face. Negative face is the need to be free from imposition. Many face saving acts in everyday conversation preserve the other person’s negative face, because the speaker signals the wish not to impose on the other person; e.g. ‘I’m sorry to bother you…, ‘if I could just trouble you for a second…’, If I could just steal a minute of your time...’

Positive Face Positive face expresses the need to be connected and belong to the same group. A face-saving act that emphasises a person’s positive face will show solidarity and draw attention to a shared goal or view: e.g., ‘I couldn’t agree with you more.’ ‘ Let’s do this.’ ‘you and I have the same problem.’