History/Theories Research Chapter 1 History/Theories Research

Is Development... _____________? _________________? Infants and children respond to the world the same as adults, but more simply. Development is gradual change. _________________? Infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Development is in stages.

Nature or Nurture? Nurture Nature _______________ factors Change is possible Nature Genetic factors/________ ________ Individuals characteristics will remain consistent

Lifespan View of Development Figure 1.3 - The Lifespan View of Development

Periods of Development Prenatal Conception to birth Infancy and Toddlerhood Birth to 2 years Early Childhood 2 to 6 years Middle Childhood 6 to 11 years Adolescence 11 to 18 years Early Adulthood 18 to 40 years Middle Adulthood 40 to 65 years Late Adulthood 65 years to death

Views of Development Multiple Contexts ___________ influences Events strongly related to age and predictable in when they occur and how long they last ____________ influences Forces unique to a particular era, such as epidemics, wars, or economic depression Irregular, unpredictable events that happen to just a few people

Theories of Development

Freud’s Theory Three Parts of the Personality _____ Present at birth; biological needs; immediate gratification ______ By early infancy; the conscious, rational part of personality; the mediator between id and superego _________ Values of society and one's conscience

Psychosexual stages Oral 0-1 - focus is on stimulation of the _______ Anal 1-3 - focus is on ____________ _________ 3-6 - focus is on genital area Oedipal complex: boy becomes attracted to mother Electra complex: girl becomes attracted to father _________ 6-11: halt in development _________12 & above: mature sexual relationships

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Basic trust v. mistrust Birth to 1 year Autonomy v. shame and doubt 1–3 years Initiative v. guilt 3–6 years Industry v. inferiority 6–11 years Identity v. role confusion Adolescence Intimacy v. isolation Early adulthood Generativity v. stagnation Middle adulthood Ego integrity v. despair Late adulthood

Behaviorism & Social Learning Classical Conditioning Stimulus – Response Operant Conditioning Reinforcers and Punishments Social Learning Modeling

Cognitive theory Piaget’s theory of cognitive development (stages) Sensorimotor (0-2): __________ _____________ (2-7): symbolic thought and play ____________-operational (7-11): organized reasoning; conservation Formal-operational –11 and above: ______________________________

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Transmission of culture to a new generation Values, beliefs, customs, skills Social interaction necessary Cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society

Ecological Systems Theory Figure 1.5 - Structure of the environment in ecological systems theory.

Research in Developmental Psychology

Research methods Systematic Observation Self -reports Naturalistic observation - observe behavior in the natural environment. Structured observation - ____________________ Self -reports Clinical interview surveys _____________________ - in-depth study of an individual or small group

General Research Designs ______________ Reveals relationships between variables Does NOT reveal cause-and-effect ______________ Allows cause-and-effect statements Lab experiments may not apply in the real world.

Correlation Coefficients Magnitude Size of the number between 0 and 1 Closer to 1 (positive or negative) is a stronger relationship Direction Indicated by + or - sign Positive (+): as one variable increases, so does the other Negative (-): as one variable increases, the other decreases

(Experiment) Independent and Dependent Variables Experimenter changes, or manipulates Expected to cause changes in another variable. Dependent Experimenter measures, but does not manipulate Expected to be influenced by the independent variable

Developmental Research Designs Longitudinal Same group studied at different times Cross-Sectional Differing groups studied at the same time Sequential Several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies at varying times