Explaining the Will to Kill Higgins O’Brien Spring 2012 Trying to find the answer to a big question; why do people kill?

The Devil Made Me Do It Early explanations for crime were supernatural or spiritual -Demons, evil spirits, and witches Wasn't until mid-18th century that classical school of thought came about, the idea of “free will” Current approaches to violence come from scientific criminological theories It should be noted that even today, offenders blame the devil, demons, or other supernatural forces for their actions.

Back to the Classics Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham laid the groundwork for “classical criminology” States that crime is a rational choice made by the offender, who has free will to decide -Weigh the pros and cons of the situation, risk/reward Also believed that different offenses warranted different punishments Critics of classical criminology argue that most crime is irrational Rational choice theory also shares these ideas

Using Science to Explain Violence “Positivism” using scientific observation and measurement to explain criminal behavior Shifts away from rational choice towards determinism External factors cause crime -Biological -Psychological -Sociological It is difficult to create an all encompassing theory, explaining crime is a “soft science”. People are all different, so criminologists can never be certain in their data. Hard sciences like math or chemistry can do true experiments, social sciences cannot.

Biology Then and Now Early biological theory focused on body type, heredity, and intelligence -Physiognomy: Study of facial features -Phrenology: Study of bumps on the head Cesare Lombroso studied Italian prisoners, and believed certain physical features linked to crime -His research was discredited, but was influential In the 1940's and 50's more body type and physique study was done in the United States -Males with XYY chromosomes were believed to be linked with crime, later proved false

Biology Continued Biological explanations for crime were considered taboo for many years Advances in technology and brain scans have brought the topic up again in recent years Rising rates of medication to deal with childhood disorders are bringing focus to brain development Thrill seeking, impulsivity, and negative temperament can lead to violence Levels of testosterone, cortisol, adrenalin This brings up many ethical questions. If biology is responsible for crime, how do we address the problem? Eugenics, sterilization, mandated medication? These may sound far-fetched, but could very well be issues in the future.

Psychological Causes of Violence Early childhood could play role in antisocial behavior Abuse or neglect can make it difficult to develop bonds with other human beings -Psychopathy -Sociopathy -Antisocial personality disorder (APD) The field of ethology believes aggression and violence is simply part of animal nature Instrumental Aggression- Violence as a means Expressive Aggression- Violence for its own sake

Psychology Continued Some believe aggressive behavior is a way to relieve boredom or stress Daly and Wilson believe we are still influenced by ancient roots (dominance, infidelity) Difficult to determine “violent personality” -Many aggressive and disadvantaged people, not everyone becomes a criminal Some believe mental illness is correlated with violence or substance abuse

Psychology Continued Paraphilia- sexual attraction to unusual or bizarre objects, oftentimes individuals have more than one Not all are linked to murder, but some (necrophilia, pedophilia) necessitate criminal behavior Low intelligence and its link to crime is a controversial but continuing topic Difficult to gauge IQ through tests

The Social Sources of Murder Characteristics of the neighborhood, poverty, subcultural values, learning, social bonds and their relation to crime. Social Disorganization Theory: weak communities have higher crime rates (Broken Windows) Income equality has further distanced the very rich from the very poor

Strain, Frustration, and Murder Frustration Aggression: failure to achieve goals can lead to strain and criminal behavior Being dumped, losing a job, and school troubles can all lead to stress, and some react with violence Robert Agnew's “General Strain Theory” -Presence of negative stimuli (abuse, rejection) -Removal of positive stimuli (loss of a loved one, house) -Relative deprivation (peers are better off) -Failure to achieve goals (missing out on success) Some believe the economy is linked with crime rates

Cultural Deviance Subcultural Theories: believe criminals are simply obeying the norms they were taught Have a different belief in what is right and wrong than the law's definition The “Subculture of Violence” present in the South or in urban environments makes fighting a norm Homicide offenders have learned a set of values that promotes the use of violence Media has been criticized for exaggerating crime in certain areas.

Learning to Kill Some believe offenders learn from one another Social Learning Theory: aggressive behavior contains skills that must be learned Role models are imitated Differential Association Theory: criminal behavior learned in adolescence from peers, family, or friends Data supports this for groups that reinforce violence and punish law abiding behavior There is little scientific data that supports the notion that the media is a key role model. Researchers recommend focusing on formal and informal peer groups.

Self-Control, Social Control, and Murder Control theories believe it is the controls or bonds that work to limit criminal behavior Attachment to institutions, beliefs, activities, and groups. Individuals don't want to lose that. Self control stems from parental love, supervision and discipline Having “nothing to lose” can help explain why one would steal a candy bar, or even commit murder

A Word of Caution About Cause Every theory has limitations Correlation does not imply causation -Q: When ice cream sales increase, homicide rates increase. Does this mean ice cream sales affect homicide? -A: No! Homicide increases in the hot summer months. Hot summer months also increase ice cream sales. The two variables are not related. Some theories explain only certain types of crime