APES 1/3 Take out your soil lab (on notebook paper) and Chapter 10 Reading Guide Get a computer

Odds and Ends Missing many Plate Tectonics notes and Ch. 8 RG (p.3) Chapter 10 RG is due today Chapter 7 Open-Note Test (12/14) No retakes, as it was open-note Biggest takeaways: learn the formulas, stick the landing on the FRQ

Major Categories of Land Use Forestry Grazing Crops Special Use (wilderness areas, military) Urban/suburban Mining- mixed into special use, grazing, forests

Visualizing Land Use

Learning Sequence Soils and mining for resources (Ch. 8) Land-use principles (Ch. 10)- grazing, forests, special use areas, urban planning Croplands (Ch. 9)

Soil Formation and Properties

Soil Formation

Soil Profile O Eluviation/Zone of Leaching – water percolates down the soil, transporting materials. Happens in Horizons A & E A E Illuviation/Zone of Accumulation – where transported materials are deposited. Happens in Horizon B. B C

Soil Lab Components Soil Texture (set up last time; do today) Soil porosity (done last time) Soil permeability (do today) Soil pH (do today) Answer all questions asked for on the lab handout. Write your answers on notebook paper.

Gone last time? Intro: Summarize the three soil types and their relative ability to create a healthy environment. Test 2: Soil Porosity (percent pore space) Read the background and answer: - What is porosity and why is it important? - What is a rock type with high porosity? Low porosity?

Soil Texture- follow the direction of the outer lines! Find 40% Sand 45% Silt 15% Clay Loam Mixture of all 3 Really only need to find 2 of the 3 points. 3rd point acts as a clarifier Sandy loam would be a mixture of all 3, that has a significantly higher percentage of sand http://www.isa-arbor.com/education/onlineresources/CDDemos/triangle.swf

Soil Properties Notes

Texture/Particle Size Biggest  Smallest Sand, Silt, Clay Fine particles have higher cohesion; that’s why water can’t get through clay as well

Other Physical Properties You should know porosity and permeability using the lab as the teaching tool. Porosity = how much water soil holds; permeability = how fast water flows through

Chemical Properties 1. pH 2. Cation Exchange Capacity = ability of soil to absorb/release pos. charged ions (cations) Plants need Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ Clay has a high CEC (b/c of neg. particles) BUT if there’s too much clay, it absorbs water and drowns plant roots FYI, humus also has high CEC

Chemical Properties 3. Base Saturation = ratio of base: acid in soil Bases are acceptors of extra H+; high ratio means lots of bases present to take in extra H+ from acids that might harm plant roots We have lots of limestone in NW soil to counteract acids (high base saturation)

Soil and Mining We know that good soil provides vital ecosystem services Unfortunately, we also know that the bedrock under it can hold very valuable ores…

Minerals and Ores Earth’s crust is 88% iron, silicon, aluminum, and oxygen Valuable, rarer elements are found in uneven clusters because of variable distribution of rock types Mineral = naturally occurring, crystalline solid Ore = valuable, concentrated accumulation of minerals in rocks

Important Ores Metallic minerals- valuable for ability to conduct electricity, structural purposes, etc. (i.e, copper, gold, lead, rare earth metals for batteries) Salt, sand Fossil fuels (carbon-based)

MANGANESE COAL IRON MICA

What do we mine for? Energy Metallic Non-metallic Ferrous Non-ferrous Limestone Coal Iron Gold Nitrate Petroleum Manganese Silver Potash Natural Gas Chromite Copper Dolomite Pyrite Lead Mica Tungsten Bauxite Gypsum Nickel Tin Cobalt Magnesium

Mining Homework Copper Mine Virtual Tour Assignment (Google classroom)