Imperialism

On a piece of paper Explain 2 motives for imperialism

What does it mean? The building of an empire - the domination/control by a stronger nation over one or more weaker ones. Extension of a nation’s power over other lands

“New Imperialism” Beginning circa 1875 Renewed race for colonies Spurred by needs created by the Industrial Revolution New markets for finished goods New sources of raw materials Nationalism Colonies = economic and political power

Motives Exploratory Military Political Ideological Religious Economic

Military British Naval Bases Aden, Alexandria, Cyprus, Hong Kong, Singapore Manpower British – Indian sepoys French – north African troops

Ideological Belief in Social Darwinism White Man’s Burden

Social Darwinism Only the strong survive During this period in history, Darwin’s theory of evolution was very popular -Social Darwinism was a theory (which Darwin himself had nothing to do with ) developed from his ideas. It stated that civilizations, like living creatures, go through an evolutionary process. Only the strong survive Powerful nations able to develop areas and resources being “wasted” by native peoples

Social Darwinism contd. European cultures, Social Darwinists believed, were the most advanced on earth, and hence it became the moral ‘duty’ of Europeans to bring others ‘out of the dark ages.’ If the white European nations had a duty to civilize Africa and Asia, they should also govern and guide these people until they could look after themselves, much as parents must look after their children until they grow up. Such an attitude is called PATERNALISM.

White Man’s Burden Whites morally obligated to bring the “blessings of civilization” to “backward” peoples Cecil Rhodes – imperialism is “philanthropy— plus five percent”

“Take up the White Man's burden-- The savage wars of peace-- Fill full the mouth of Famine And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest The end for others sought, Watch sloth and heathen Folly Bring all your hopes to nought.” - Rudyard Kipling, “White Man’s Burden”

Fueled by Racism Racism Increased feelings of white superiority Eugenics developed as a branch of science

Economic Motives Markets for finished goods Sources of raw materials Products of British Industrial Revolution sold in China and India Sources of raw materials Egypt – cotton Malaya – rubber and tin Middle East – oil Capital investments Profits from Industrial Revolution invested in mines, railroads, etc., in unindustrialized areas

Direct v. Indirect Rule Indirect Rule – allow local rulers to remain in power, yet still answer to the government that had conquered. Direct Rule: stronger country takes over and runs the weaker country completely Positions of power held by people from “mother country”

Indirect v. Direct Rule INDIRECT DIRECT Used local gov’t officials Limited self-rule Goal: develop future leaders Based on European models but may have local rules DIRECT Foreign officials brought in to rule No self-rule Goal: assimilation (make them like Europe) Gov’t based on European model

Forms of Rule Sphere of Influence Protectorate Colony

Sphere of Influence Exert considerable pressure on a weaker nation politically and/or economically. The local govt. may continue to have a limited say in the day to day running of the country.

Protectorate A country that has its own government, but its policies are guided by policies of the imperial power. ‘Somewhat’ accepting of foreign intervention in exchange for military protection

Colony Direct control by mother country Establishment of settlements outside the mother countries borders

Great Britain and India

WHITE MAN’S BURDEN Social Darwinism Only the strong survive develop areas and resources being “wasted” by native peoples Moral responsibility to “civilize” Paternalism WHITE MAN’S BURDEN

“Take up the White Man's burden-- The savage wars of peace-- Fill full the mouth of Famine And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest The end for others sought, Watch sloth and heathen Folly Bring all your hopes to nought.” - Rudyard Kipling, “White Man’s Burden”

Control of India Conditions in India East India Company Missionaries

Sepoy Rebellion Problem with rifles Result British reaction Legacy

Colonial Rule British Raj “Jewel in the Crown” INDIA

Colonial Rule Helped modernize the country Positives Negatives Helped modernize the country Railroads: developed economy & unified regions Telephone, irrigation, roads, etc Improved public health & education Ended warfare between local tribes Divided country into 11 provinces Discrimination against Indians Loss of self-sufficiency Restricted India’s economy (Agriculture & weaving) Threatened traditional way of life

Nationalism Educated Indian elite Resentment Indian National Congress Partial of Bengal & Swadeshi Movement Muslim League