Particle Theory of Matter Science Unit 2

What is matter? Everything is made of matter Definition of matter: anything that has weight and takes up space Weight – how heavy something is Volume – the amount of space taken up by something (example: water in a glass)

States of matter All matter comes in different forms, or states 1 – LIQUID 2 – SOLID 3 – GAS All states take up space and have weight

How is air matter? If it is, it should take up space and have weight… Take a few minutes to explain your observations and answer the question above. 1 – empty balloon into a small box. Air filled balloon into an air filled box. 2 – empty balloons hanging from each end of ruler (by string). Fill one balloon.

Conclusion The balloon full of air will always weigh more than the empty one because: Air is matter, and matter has weight and takes up space, whether it is a liquid, a solid, or a gas.

What is matter made of? Matter is made of particles Particles are: the tiny building blocks that make up matter Particles cannot be seen with the naked eye

properties Properties are how an object looks and behaves. Distinguishing qualities such as colour, shape, size, temperature, or weight (characteristics). Remember the 3 states of matter?

solid Matter that has a definite size and shape Particles are packed so tight that they vibrate beside one another but they don’t move around. Nothing passes through a solid – example: a brick wall https://www.emaze.com/@AWWILCII/States-of-Matter

liquid Matter has definite size but not definite shape. Particles are packed less tight. The extra room between them allows them to move around. Example: swimming laps through a pool of water. https://chemstuff.co.uk/academic-work/year-7/particle-model-of-solids-liquids-and-gases/

gas Matter that has no definite size or shape. There is so much space between the constantly moving particles that objects can move around between them easily. Example: walking through a room. https://www.tes.com/lessons/CNvXUtLpYJnOag/gas

Particle review https://socratic.org/questions/how-does-the-arrangement-of-the-particles-in-a-liquid-compare-to-that-of-a-gas

If something is a solid will it stay a solid? Is a liquid always a liquid? Do gases ever become non-gases?

The candle List the sensory properties of the candle. Explain your observations. SOLID LIQUID

My Tea List the sensory properties of tea. Explain your observations. LIQUID GAS

Winter trees List the properties of water/liquid Explain the photo GAS SOLID

CONCLUSION When an object made of matter changes states, its properties can change. It doesn’t matter what state an object is in – it’s still matter Matter is made of tiny particles that are always moving and can change states.

Measuring properties of matter Hunting for Properties https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZYnERZe3Cg (4 min) Measurement Mystery https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7omxmCDpW7U (3:45)

Conclusion Ways to measure properties of matter: Length (distance from end to end) Width (distance from side to side) Height (distance from top to bottom) Volume (amount of space an object takes up: length x width x height) Weight (how heavy an object is). Activity: find properties of many objects and record on organizer.

Other Properties of matter: The science of lunch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dN2VDcmuTl4 Hardness – the measure of how difficult it is to scratch or crush a certain type of matter Malleability – the measure of how easily matter can be shaped into different forms (play doh is maleable)

… Conductivity – measure of how easily matter transports heat or electricity Magnetism – measure of how matter reacts to a magnet

The state matter is in often has to do with other things Temperature: Freezing point – the temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid (water = 0 degrees C) Melting point – the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid Boiling point – the temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas (water = about 100 degrees C)

… Reflectivity: The measure of how much matter reflects light Metal has high reflectivity Cloth doesn’t bounce light in the same way Transparency: Measure how much light can pass through Windows have high transparency, bricks have low transparency Activity: find properties of many objects and record on organizer. Include glass of water, blocks, cloth, etc. Students should use sensory observations (touch, see, transparency) and measurement observations. Have ready: rulers, scale, flashlight, thermometer, magnets.

Material scientists Someone who invented a new material to solve a problem. You are your partner are to research a material that was invented for a purpose. Answer the 5Ws and 1H. Record your sources using MLA formatting (you should have at least 2) You will make a 8x11 poster of your findings to be put on display in the classroom.

Non-newtonian fluids Matter that fits into more than one category (liquid, gas, and solid). What are some examples? Reminder: Solid – has definite size and shape Liquid – has a definite size but not shape Gas – has no definite size or shape

Experiment: Non-Newtonian Recipe: 1 ½ c Cornstarch + 1 c Water + bowl + spoon Put cornstarch in bowl and slowly add water Stir until it has a texture like honey Place the material in your hand and squeeze to form a solid ball Now release the pressure

viscosity The rate at which a fluid flows. Newtonian fluids (normal ones) flow at a consistent rate. Non-Newtonian fluids flow at a different rate, depending on how much force or pressure is applied to them. Our experiment flowed at much slower rate with pressure – acting like a solid When pressure was removed it flowed faster – acting like a liquid

conclusion Some materials can fit into more than just one state = non-newtonian fluids

Mixtures Any thing made by combining two or more different things

solutions A mixture in which 2 kinds of particles are evenly distributed in a container Sugar and water The air we breath (nitrogen, oxygen, other) Solutions can be separated again, back into the substances that made them

solubility The measure of a substance’s ability to be dissolved Ex) sand doesn’t dissolve in water = low solubility The sugar mentioned before has high solubility But what if I keep adding sugar?

saturation The point at which no more solute can dissolve in a solution When the sugar sits in the bottom of the water glass…

Chemistry The science of different kinds of matter, and how that matter can change Chemical change – mixing things together making a whole new substance (particles are rearranged) – can’t be undone Gives off or takes heat Often change colour Make smells (not always bad) Release light Release gases

heat Can be transmitted in 3 ways: conduction, convection, radiation Bill Nye the Science Guy: Heat https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HnqbQVPKldk