Cardiovascular System

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Cardiovascular System
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Presentation transcript:

Cardiovascular System

How much blood does the heart pump through the body in one given day? 7,000 L blood/day Why is it important? If circulation is altered, tissues will lack oxygen & nutrients, and cells will begin irreversible damage

Structure of the Heart Lateral: lungs Posterior: vertebral column Anterior: sternum Base: superior portion; beneath 2nd rib Apex: inferior portion; 5th intercostal space

Coverings: Pericardium: encloses the heart visceral: lines the heart itself parietal: lines the mediastinum cavity pericardial space: space between visceral & parietal pericardium

Wall of the Heart Epicardium: outer layer Fxn: reduce friction -can have adipose around the coronary arteries and veins Myocardium: middle layer Fxn: muscle that actually pumps the blood

Endocardium: inner layer Fxn: perkinje fibers are located here for electrical impulse transmission -this layer is continuous with the blood vessels

Chambers/Valves Atrium (atria): 2 upper chambers of heart Characteristics: -thin walls -receive blood returning to heart

Ventricles: 2 lower chambers Characteristics: -right ventricle thinner than left -receive blood from atria -forces blood into arteries What divides right and left halves of heart? Septum

What does A-V valve stand for? Atrioventricular Right: tricuspid Left: bicuspid, or mitral Remember: *Arteries bring oxygenated blood away from heart *Veins bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart

Path of Blood Flow: Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary valve Pulmonary trunk L/r pulmonary arteries Lungs Pulmonary veins Left atrium Bicupsid (mitral) valve Left ventricle Aortic valve Aorta ….THEN it can go 1 of 2 ways….

Which way will it go? Supply the body… Arteries Capillaries Veins Superior/inferior vena cava Supply the heart… Right/left coronary arteries Capillaries Coronary veins Coronary sinus

End of 15.1-15.2

Cardiac Cycle: (heartbeat) Systole: contract Diastole: relax Cardiac Cycle: (heartbeat) Atrial systole/ventricular diastole Atrial diastole/ventricular systole All relax -responds to pressure changes (causes valves to open & fill) -next one fills as other contracts

Heart Sounds Lubb: ventricles contract A-V valves close Dupp: ventricles relax Pulm/Aortic valves close *be sure to read about heart murmurs

Cardiac Muscle Fibers Stimulation to any part will cause heart to contract Functional syncitium: within atrial and ventricular walls Fibers work together

Cardiac Conduction System R/l atria contract A-V node (inf. Septum) Delay so atria can empty all blood A-V bundle (bundle of His) Perkinje fibers (go from IV septum to papillary muscles) Muscle fibers in v. walls Sinoatrial node (S-A node) -located in right atrium -can initiate impulses -rhymthmic activity -”pacemaker” -located in right atrium near opening to superior vena cava

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) Recording of electrical changes that occur in myocardium during cardiac cycle Paper moves at specific rate Between the cycles, pen is on baseline

P wave: atrial contraction QRS complex: ventricular contraction -electrical changes end Q wave R Wave S Wave T wave: end of cycle P-Q interval: SA node through AV node

Factors that control heart action/rate: Brain -sends message through sympathetic/parasympathetic activity Temperature Certain ions K+ = potassium = decrease rate/force of contractions Ca+ = calcium = increase heart actions (contract for long time)

Arrhythmias Fibrillation: uncoordinated, cardiac chaos Atrial fibrillation: not life-threatening; blood still pumps (but inefficient) Ventricular fibrillation (Vfib): often deadly; caused by obstructed artery, toxins, shock, trauma Flutter: contracts regularly, but very rapidly (250-350 bpm)

Other terms: Tachycardia: 100+bpm Bradycardia: 60- bpm Asystole: myocardium fails to contract No HR Flat-lining Normal Sinus Rhythm: 70-80 bpm Normal heart rhythm

62, 000 miles of blood vessels Arteries: -carry blood away from heart -divide into arterioles, and then into capillaries -higher blood pressure than veins

Vasoconstriction: when the diameter of the blood vessel decreases Vasodilation: when the diameter of the blood vessel increase **both of the above affect blood flow and pressure

Capillaries Smallest-diameter blood vessels Has a semi-permeable membrane that allow specific gases/nutrients in, while keeping others out

Arterioschlerosis: when the walls of affected arteries harden & lose their elasticity Atheroschlerosis: when fatty deposits form within the vessels Angioplasty: clears clogged arteries (often with a balloon device) Bypass surgery: uses a portion of a vein to replace the affected/clogged artery

*Blood pressure decreases as the distance from the left ventricle increases Veins: -carry blood toward the heart -contain valves that close if blood begins to back up -aid in maintaining blood pressure by returning more blood to heart (even with 25% lost) -generally have thinner walls than arteries

Blood Pressure The force blood exerts against the inner walls of blood vessels Pressure in the arteries is supplied by the aorta Arterial BP: pressure increases Systolic Pressure: maximum pressure What is normal: 120

Ventricular Relaxation: pressure decreases -Lowest pressure that remains in arteries before next contraction: diastolic pressure -What is normal? 80 **together, this causes the vessels to expand and recoil = PULSE!

Factors that influence blood pressure: 1. Heart Action -determines volume of blood in vessels Stroke Volume: volume of blood discharged from left ventricle with each contraction Cardiac Output: volume discharged from left ventricle per minute Calculation: SV x HR *if SV or HR increases, CO increases, and BP increases!

Blood Volume : sum of the formed elements and plasma volumes in the vascular system Usual amount: 5 liters (8% body in kg) -blood pressure is directly proportion to blood volume -if dehydrated, blood pressure drops

Peripheral Resistance Peripheral Resistance :friction between the blood and the walls of blood vessels -usually hinders blood flow -vasoconstriction/vasodilation play a big role here Blood Viscosity :the ease with which a fluid’s molecules flow past one another -greater viscosity, greater resistance to flowing -blood pressure is directly proportional to this

How Does One Control Blood Pressure? Control cardiac output (exercise helps) Control peripheral resistance (healthy diet, low cholesterol helps with this)

What is hypertension? :High blood pressure (usually 140/90) To what percentage must the heartrate be elevated for exercise to benefit the cardiovascular system? 70-85% of heartrate max How do you calculate your theoretical maximum (or heartrate max)? 220-age