EET 110 Survey of Electronics Chapter 7 Electrical Energy Conversion

FIGURE 7-1 Incandescent lamps: (a) high wattage lamp; (b) parts of the lamp. [(a) Courtesy of Litetronics.] Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (a)

FIGURE 7-1 continued Incandescent lamps: (a) high wattage lamp; (b) parts of the lamp. [(a) Courtesy of Litetronics.] Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (b)

FIGURE 7-2 Operating principle of a florescent lamp: (1) filament glows when ac current flows through it; (20 when the starter opens, the ballast discharges to ionize the mercury (Hg) atoms; (3) ultraviolet radiation is given off by Hg atoms; (4) visible light is produced. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-3 Circuit for a fluorescent lamp. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-5 Mercury vapor lamps: (a) cutaway view of a mercury vapor lamp; (b) commercial mercury vapor lamp. [(b) courtesy of Philips Lighting Co.] Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (a)

FIGURE 7-5 continued Mercury vapor lamps: (a) cutaway view of a mercury vapor lamp; (b) commercial mercury vapor lamp. [(b) courtesy of Philips Lighting Co.] Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (b)

FIGURE 7-6 Sodium vapor lamp. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-7 Resistance heating element (Courtesy of Williamson Co.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-8 Principle of induction heating. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-9 Dielectric (capacitive) heating. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-10 Basic parts of a dc motor. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-11 Motor principle: (a) no current flows through rotor conductor; (b) direction of circular magnetic fields around the motor conductors when current flows; (c) compression points produced at A and B when current flows through rotor conductors-causing rotation. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-12 Right-hand motor rule. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-12 continued Right-hand motor rule. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-13 Dc motor operating characteristics. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-14 permanent magnet dc motor: (a) pictorial; (b) schematic. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-14 continued permanent magnet dc motor: (a) pictorial; (b) schematic. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-15 Series-wound dc motor: (a) pictorial; (b) schematic. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-16 Shunt-wound dc motor: (a) pictorial; (b) schematic. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-17 Field rheostat used to control dc motor speed. As Rheostat resistance increases, field current decreases, causing magnetic field strength to decrease and motor speed to increase. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-18 Reversing the direction of rotation of dc motors. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-18 continued Reversing the direction of rotation of dc motors. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-19 Three-phase ac induction motor. (Courtesy of Westinghouse Electric Corp.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-20 Operational principle of a three-phase ac induction motor. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-21 Diagram of a three-phase ac synchronous motor. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-22 Methods of starting three-phase as synchronous motors: (a) auxiliary dc motor/generator used to accelerate the motor; (b) squirrel-cage or damper windings placed in the rotor. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-23 Universal motor: (a) pictorial; (b) schematic. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-24 Operation of a single-phase ac induction motor. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-25 Squirrel-cage rotor: (a) internal construction; (b) assembled rotor. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-26 Spilt-phase ac induction motor. (Courtesy of Dayton Manufacturing Co.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-27 Operation of a split-phase ac motor: (a) two-pole motor with single-phase as applied; (b) motor with two-phase ac applied; (c) motor with three-phase ac applied. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-27 continued Operation of a split-phase ac motor: (a) two-pole motor with single-phase as applied; (b) motor with two-phase ac applied; (c) motor with three-phase ac applied. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-27 continued Operation of a split-phase ac motor: (a) two-pole motor with single-phase as applied; (b) motor with two-phase ac applied; (c) motor with three-phase ac applied. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-28 Split-phase ac motor: (a) schematic; (b) waveforms. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (a)

FIGURE 7-28 continued Split-phase ac motor: (a) schematic; (b) waveforms. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (b)

FIGURE 7-29 Capacitor-start ac motor: (a) cutaway view; (b) schematic diagram. [(a) Courtesy of Dayton Electric Manufacturing Co.] Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (a)

FIGURE 7-29 continued Capacitor-start ac motor: (a) cutaway view; (b) schematic diagram. [(a) Courtesy of Dayton Electric Manufacturing Co.] Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-30 Waveforms of a capacitor-start ac motor. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-31 Other types of capacitor motors: (a) capacitor-start, capacitor-run motor; (b) permanent capacitor motor. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-32 Shaded-pole ac induction motor. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-33 Operating principle of a shaded-pole ac motor Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-34 Synchro systems: (a) schematic diagram; (b) circuit-R1 and R2 are rotor connections and S1, S2, and S3 are stator connections. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-34 continued Synchro systems: (a) schematic diagram; (b) circuit-R1 and R2 are rotor connections and S1, S2, and S3 are stator connections. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (b)

FIGURE 7-35 Servomotor. (Courtesy of Superior Electric Co.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-36 Dc stepping motor construction. (Courtesy of Superior Electric Co.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-37 Stator coil placement of stepping motor: (a) one set of stator coils-rotor can move in either direction; (b) two sets of stator coils-rotor will move in a clockwise direction. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-38 Dc stepping motor rotor construction. (Courtesy of Superior Electric Co.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-39 Block diagram of a motor control circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-40 Pushbutton switches. [(a) Courtesy of Cutler-Hammer Co. (b) courtesy of Furnas Electric Co.] Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (a)

FIGURE 7-41 Limit switches. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (b)

FIGURE 7-42 Fuses and circuit breakers: (a) fuses with holders; (b) internal construction of a circuit breaker. [(a) Courtesy of Cooper Industries; (b) courtesy of Heinemann Electric.] Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (a)

FIGURE 7-42 continued Fuses and circuit breakers: (a) fuses with holders; (b) internal construction of a circuit breaker. [(a) Courtesy of Cooper Industries; (b) courtesy of Heinemann Electric.] Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (b)

FIGURE 7-43 Manual motor starter. (Courtesy of Furnas Electric Co.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-44 Magnetic motor starter. (Courtesy of Furnas Electric Co.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-45 Control center. (Courtesy of Russelectric Inc.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-46 A start-stop pushbutton control circuit with overload protection (one-line diagram). Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 7-47 Motor-control circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.