Section 1: Slavery and States’ Rights Main Ideas The United States divided along sectional lines because of regional economic differences. Many Texans supported secession because of states’ rights. Question: Why did the United States divide along sectional lines?

OF AMERICA South North UNITED STATES disagreements over slavery North-South economic differences disagreements over states’ rights Fugitive Slave Act (1850) Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) formation of Republican Party (1854) Dred Scott decision (1857) John Brown’s raid (1859) Election of Abraham Lincoln (1860)

Section 2: The Civil War Begins Main Ideas Texans responded swiftly to the Confederate call to arms to join the Civil War. Texas prepared for the war by establishing new industries. The South’s experienced military leaders were an important resource during the first half of the war. Question: What were the main strategies of the Civil War?

SECTION 2 North South CIVIL WAR STRATEGIES establish a naval blockade to prevent goods and war supplies from entering or leaving Confederate ports gain control of the Mississippi River to cut the South in two capture Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital fight a defensive war and wear down the Union’s will to fight use cotton diplomacy by denying cotton to European textile markets in hopes of persuading European countries to recognize and support the Confederacy

Section 3: Campaigns in Texas and the Southwest Main Ideas By fighting in and around Texas, the Confederacy hoped to avoid Union occupancy. Geographic features affected the outcome of the military campaigns fought in the region. Question: What campaigns were fought in and near Texas, and what were the Confederacy’s goals?

Outcome/Significance New Mexico Galveston Sabine Pass South Texas Red River Campaign Confederate Goals Outcome/Significance gain control of the Southwest and its valuable mines; gain access to Pacific ports Texas troops were forced to retreat. Union forces retained control of the Southwest. regain control of the important Texas port at Galveston Texas forces and cottonclads regained control of Galveston. stop a Union invasion of Texas up Sabine Pass Texas troops turned back the invading Union gunboats. protect border region and trade routes with Mexico Texas troops drove Union forces from the mainland. stop Union invasions up the Red River and from Arkansas Confederate forces defeated both invasions.

Section 4: The Texas Home Front Main Ideas Texans endured many hardships during the Civil War. Unionists lost some of their civil rights during the war. Question: What was life like for Texans during the Civil War?

Cause decrease in labor force military draft economic shortages Effect Union naval blockade prevented trade. Many goods sent to the army. Many Texas men were fighting in the war. Volunteers did not provide enough soldiers for the Confederacy. Texans used substitute items, made more items by hand, and grew more corn and wheat for the army. Women and men at home ran farms, worked in factories, and organized groups to aid in the war effort. White men between 18 and 35 had to serve (later between 17 and 50). Draft loopholes led to some opposition.

Section 5: The End of the War Main Ideas Decisive Union victories in 1863, 1864, and 1865 ended the Civil War. The Texas economy was badly damaged by the Civil War. Question: What were the final events and battles of the Civil War?

Grant Pursues Lee toward Richmond Savannah Falls! South Left Devastated! 1864: December 1864: In eastern Virginia, Grant’s Union army is engaging Lee’s forces. Both sides are suffering heavy losses, but the larger Union force is keeping Lee on the defensive as it drives toward Richmond. Union forces under General Sherman have taken Savannah, Georgia. Their March to the Sea has left in its wake a trail of devastation. Confederate general Hood’s outnumbered forces were powerless to stop it.

Why did Texas suffer less from the war than other areas of the South? Chapter Wrap-Up Why did Texas suffer less from the war than other areas of the South? How did some Texas Unionists lose their civil rights during the war? Why did most of the Union forces invade Texas by attacking coastal ports?