Atomoxetine Enhances a Short-Term Model of Plasticity in Humans Donald J. Foster, BS, David C. Good, MD, Allison Fowlkes, MS, Lumy Sawaki, MD, PhD  Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  Volume 87, Issue 2, Pages 216-221 (February 2006) DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2005.08.131 Copyright © 2006 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Schema of study. Abbreviation: PO, per os. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006 87, 216-221DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2005.08.131) Copyright © 2006 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Illustration of the TMS paradigm modeling use-dependent plasticity. At baseline, TMS evoked movement in a consistent direction in subjects (ie extension, abduction), designated here by the black lines radiating from the accelerometer. Subjects then performed training movements in approximately the opposite direction (ie flexion, adduction) to baseline (black arrow). Posttraining, the direction of TMS-evoked thumb movements changed from the baseline direction to the trained direction (black lines falling into the training target zone, TTZ), close to a 180° change from baseline. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006 87, 216-221DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2005.08.131) Copyright © 2006 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Average vital signs for each condition across time. The effects of the drugs did not differ significantly from placebo. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006 87, 216-221DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2005.08.131) Copyright © 2006 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 Increase in proportion of movements in TTZ, organized by total elapsed training time (in minutes) and drug administered. Significant comparisons are denoted by group (P, placebo; V, venlafaxine; A, atomoxetine) and total elapsed training at time of measurement (10, 20, or 30min), on the higher group of the comparison. *P<.001. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006 87, 216-221DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2005.08.131) Copyright © 2006 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig 5 Individual subject scores (increase in proportion of movements in TTZ) across conditions after 30 minutes of training. Subjects represented by different symbols. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006 87, 216-221DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2005.08.131) Copyright © 2006 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions