The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party Unit 4 Part II. AP EURO CBHS. Mr The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party Unit 4 Part II AP EURO CBHS Mr. Buttell

Adolf Hitler’s Early Life Hitler was born on April 20th, 1889 in AUSTRIA He had a poor relationship with his father and was very close to his mother He was an aspiring painter, and was twice rejected by the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna It was at this time, in 1908, that Hitler began a movement based on the beliefs that Germans were the master race

Hitler in WWI Hitler pleaded to be in the Bavarian (a state in Germany) Army and was granted his request He served as a messenger in a regiment that exposed him to enemy fire (story) He was shot in the leg and suffered from a poison gas attack He was awarded the Iron Cross – the highest military honour in Germany

Hitler and Early Politics Hitler helped form the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi) in 1919 and assumed leadership in 1921 Beer Hall Putsch (‘pooch’) November 8th, 1923 Attempt by Hitler to seize power and overthrow the Bavarian government for signing the Treaty of Versailles The attempt failed and Hitler was imprisoned for five years for high treason (but he was released after only serving one year – he was not considered a threat to the public)

Mein Kampf Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (“My Struggle) in 1925 while he was in prison This became the Nazi ideology – and it attacked Jews, Communists, democracy, and the Treaty of Versailles Hitler also wrote that Germany needed to destroy the French Nation and conquer Russia, among other things The book sold/distributed 10 million copies between 1925-1934

Hitler’s Rise to Power By 1932, the Nazi Party was the biggest political party and held 230 seats Hitler demanded to be appointed the position of chancellor – he was initially refused, but then given the position Just before the 1933 election, the Reichstag (parliament) was burned to the ground. The president of Germany granted the Nazi Party the power to quash any political opposition, and they intimidated and arrested socialist and communist party members

Hitler’s Rise to Power The Enabling Act After the 1933 election, Hitler proposed the Enabling Act, which would essentially give him a dictatorship for four years – and it passed! The Enabling Act… Banned all political parties Germany was declared a one party state Jews were not allowed to be in civil service professions Local and state governments were staffed by Nazi members

Hitler Secures Absolute Power When the president of Germany died in 1934, Hitler’s cabinet passed a law proclaiming the presidency to him (rather than holding elections) The military swore an oath to Hitler, not the state Hitler had obtained absolute power, and Germany became known as the Third Reich

Why Vote for Hitler? True believers Ignorance These people shared the same ideology as Hitler and believed he was their saviour – from the depression, the Jews, the Communists, and the Treaty of Versailles Ignorance People did not consider Hitler to be a real threat Did not take him seriously People just thought Hitler was ‘odd’ New party needed The depression and hyperinflation highlighted the need for new political leadership

The Nazi Party History of the Swastika The Swastika is a religious symbol used by the Egyptians, Chinese, Roman armies, and many others The Swastika means good luck! The Nazi Party used the Swastika because they felt it had connections to original caste systems that avoided racial mixing The Swastika is banned in most countries, except for religious or scholarly reasons Jainism Hinduism Nazism

The Nazi Party The SA (“Brown Shirts”) Hitler’s private army They bullied opponents into obeying the Nazi Party However, once Hitler rose to power, he had the SA replaced by a new organization – the SS Night of the Long Knives Leaders in the SA (Rohm) were killed The SA was destroyed Ernst Rohm

The Nazi Party The SS (“Black Shirts”) The SS were Hitler’s private bodyguards and were led by Heinrich Himmler They arrested and killed anyone who challenged Hitler The SS took over law enforcement in Germany and implemented the ‘Final Solution’ Himmler

The Nazi Party The Gestapo The Gestapo were the secret police of Nazi Germany They investigated treason, espionage, and sabotage cases against the Nazi Party (i.e. Valkyrie) The Gestapo also set up and administered the concentration camps

“Coordination” Policy called Coordination Forced existing institutions to conform to National Socialist ideology Life became violently anti-intellectual under a brutal dictatorship characterized by frightening dynamism and obedience to Hitler

Racial Purity “Racial State” Nazis began persecuting those incapable of contributing to the “master race” Undesirables included Jews, Slavs, Sinti and Roma, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and handicapped people Barbarism and race hatred were institutionalized with the force of science and law New university academies wrote studies that presented prejudice in the guise of enlightened science to create a strong national race

Racial Purity “Racial State” Forced people with disabilities into special hospitals to be segregated from healthy Germans Imprisoned homosexuals and “asocials” in concentration camps for “re-education” Sterilization laws were forced on some 400,000 undesirables By 1934, most Jewish professionals had been banned from their occupations 1935 Nuremberg Laws classified as Jewish anyone having three or more Jewish grandparents, outlawed marriage and sexual relations between Jews and those defined as Germans Deprived Jews of all rights of citizenship In late 1938, the assault on Jews accelerated into violence known as Kristallnacht (night of broken glass)

The Nazi Party Hitler Youth The Hitler Youth was an organization under the Nazi Party By 1936, they had over five million members in the organization They were indoctrinated in anti-Semitism, and even drafted into the military ranks during WWII

The Hitler State FEAR “Otto Bauer, a 56 year old business man, said on a train in June 1942 that Germans had two alternatives: to kill Hitler or be killed by him. He was overheard by a married couple who reported him [to the Gestapo]. He was beheaded on September 16, 1943 for causing discontent and unrest.” It was by using fear that Hitler had stopped freedom of speech and expression – everyone had to obey Nazi policy, or face the consequences!

Support for Nazism The Nazi Party used a combination of coercion and reward to enlist popular support for the racial state German citizens (who were not Jews/Communists/Undesirables) experienced new opportunities and benefited from Nazi ideology Hitler launched a massive public works program and by 1938 unemployment had fallen to 2%. Standard of living increased and business profits had risen sharply Ordinary Germans benefited from Jewish persecution: as Jews were forced out of their jobs, homes and businesses, Germans replaced them – Aryanization Social and cultural innovation to construct the Volksgemeinschaft—a people’s community for racially pure Germans—spread the ideology and enlisted volunteers for the Nazi cause.

Women/Family and Supporters Promising to “liberate women from women’s liberation”, Nazi ideologues championed a return to traditional family values by: outlawing abortion discouraging women from holding jobs or obtaining higher education glorifying domesticity and motherhood Yet, the millions of women enrolled in Nazi mass organizations experienced a new sense of freedom and community. Historians debate whether this brought about a real social revolution Yet, Hitler’s rule promoted economic growth, and Nazi propagandists continually trumpeted the supposed accomplishments of the regime The vision of a people’s community, national pride in recovery, and feelings of belonging created by racial exclusion led many Germany to support the regime Hitler remained popular with broad sections of the population well into the war Not all Germans supported Hitler after 1933. Opponents’ lack of success was due to a failure to unify efforts and the regime’s relentless repression, arrest, and execution of political enemies