Human Beta-Defensin 3 Induces Maturation of Human Langerhans Cell–Like Dendritic Cells: An Antimicrobial Peptide that Functions as an Endogenous Adjuvant

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Human Beta-Defensin 3 Induces Maturation of Human Langerhans Cell–Like Dendritic Cells: An Antimicrobial Peptide that Functions as an Endogenous Adjuvant Laura K. Ferris, Yvonne K. Mburu, Alicia R. Mathers, Eric R. Fluharty, Adriana T. Larregina, Robert L. Ferris, Louis D. Falo Journal of Investigative Dermatology Volume 133, Issue 2, Pages 460-468 (February 2013) DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.319 Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Culturing human monocytes with GM-CSF and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 generates Langerhans cell–like dendritic cells (LC-DCs) that are distinctly different from DCs generated in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4. Human monocytes were isolated from the blood of healthy donors by density gradient centrifugation and cultured in serum-free AIM-V medium with rhGM-CSF and rhIL-4 or with rhGM-CSF and rhTGF-β1 for 6 days. Cell surface expression of HLA-DR, E-cadherin, CD1a, CCR6, and langerin was assessed by flow cytometry. In each case, the percentage of cells considered positive for each marker is shown. Results are representative of three separate experiments with cells generated from different donors. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 460-468DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.319) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Human beta-defensin 3 (hBD3) induces phenotypic maturation of Langerhans cell–like dendritic cells (LC-DCs). (a) Day 6 LC-DCs were cultured for 18hours with medium, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (10ngml−1), or hBD3 (5μM). The surface expression of HLA-DR, CD83, CD86, CD40, and CCR7 was assessed by flow cytometry. The shaded gray histogram indicates the isotype-matched irrelevant antibody, whereas the black line represents the antibody to the indicated protein. Numbers represent the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of each experiment. (b, c) Flow cytometric analysis following overnight culture of day 6 LC-DCs with (b) 5μM hBD2, hBD3, or hBD4, or (c) varying concentrations of hBD3 (500, 1, 2, 5μM). The surface expression of various markers was assessed and the MFI values plotted graphically. Results are representative of three to five experiments using cells from different donors. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 460-468DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.319) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Human beta-defensin 3 (hBD3)-matured Langerhans cell–like dendritic cells (LC-DCs) are chemotactic for the CCR7 ligands. Day 6 LC-DCs were treated for 18hours with medium alone, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (10ngml−1), or with hBD3 (5μM). The cells were collected and added to the upper chamber of a chemotaxis plate containing medium, CCL19 (250ngml−1), or CCL21 (250ngml−1) in the lower wells. Migration of cells toward the chemokine was measured by counting the number of cells migrated into the lower wells after 90minutes. Chemotactic index=cells migrating toward chemokine/cells migrating toward medium. To show specificity of chemotactic response, LC-DCs were resuspended in medium containing CCL21 (250ngml−1), and their migration toward CCL19 (250ngml−1) chemoattractant in the lower wells was assessed (bars labeled CCL21/CCL19). Results are representative of three separate experiments performed in duplicate. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 460-468DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.319) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Human beta-defensin 3 (hBD3)-matured Langerhans cell–like dendritic cells (LC-DCs) activate naive T cells and enhance the proliferation and IFN-γ secretion of T cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. Day 6 LC-DCs were cultured for 18hours with medium alone, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (10ngml−1), or with hBD3 (5μM). Cells were then cocultured with allogeneic purified CD4+CD45RA+ T cells. (a) T cells were cultured for 3 days at LC-DC:T-cell ratios ranging from 1:10 to 1:80. T-cell proliferation was measured by uptake of tritiated thymidine during the last 18hours of culture. (b) Production of IFN-γ was measured by ELISA after 5 days of culture and is also shown for a range of LC-DC:T-cell ratios. Results are representative of three separate experiments (*P<0.05). Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 460-468DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.319) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Human beta-defensin 3 (hBD3) stimulation of Langerhans cell–like dendritic cells (LC-DCs) is not MyD88 or Gi protein–coupled receptor (GiPCR) dependent but is dependent on NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. (a, b) Day 5 LC-DCs were treated overnight with MyD88 inhibitor (100μM), followed by stimulation with (a) hBD3 (5μM, 18hours) or (b) lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100ngml−1, 18hours), and analyzed using flow cytometry. Values represent mean fluorescence intensity in treated cells. (c) Day 6 LC-DCs were treated with pertussis toxin (200ngml1, 2hours), followed by hBD3 (5μM, 18hours). (d) Day 5 LC-DCs were transduced with control (solid line) or IκBAA (dotted line) containing adenovirus over 24hours, followed by treatment with hBD3 (5μM, 18hours). (e) Day 6 LC-DCs were treated with PD98059 (100μM, 2hours), followed by hBD3 (5μM, 18hours). Results shown are representative of two to three experiments with cells from different donors. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 460-468DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.319) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Human beta-defensin 3 (hBD3) induces phenotypic maturation of skin-migratory dendritic cells (DCs). Skin-migratory DCs were cultured for 18hours in the presence or absence of hBD3 (5μM). They were then assessed for cell surface expression of maturation markers. (a) CD86 and (b) CCR7 expression is shown in cells cultured in medium alone (solid line) and in the presence of hBD3 (dashed line). Solid histograms show staining of cells with an isotype-matched control antibody. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 460-468DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.319) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions