Assessment of Atmospheric PM in the Slovak Republic M. Mitošinková, G. Szabó, L. Kozakovič, K. Pukančíková, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Bratislava, Slovak Republic

History of PM10 monitoring 2002 - beginning of PM10 monitoring 2005 - 28 real-time PM10 monitoring stations - TEOMs - default correction factor 1.3 - 18 TEOMs provided by FDMS - correction factor 1 - 3 EMEP sites - PM10 Partisol R&P weekly - 3 urban traffic stations real-time PM2.5 monitoring – TEOMs 2006 - 1EMEP site - real-time PM10 & PM2.5 monitoring - TEOMs; PM10 weekly Partisol R&P

Typical annual PM10 averages for Slovakia in 2005 rural background (EMEP) 15–25 µg.m-3 (dependance on altitude) urban/suburban background 30–35 µg.m-3 urban/suburban all types 30–65 µg.m-3 primary anthropogenic particles* 3–10 µg.m-3 (some industrial stations even more) * Model estimation based on national PM emission inventory data (registration of small, medium, large and mobile anthropogenic sources).

Slovak national PM monitoring network

Courses of PM10 concentrations 2003-2005 averages

Correlation matrix of PM10 daily concentrations – 2005 SB UB UT SI

Modelling activities 2005 Annual average concentration of PM10 [µg.m-3] (limit value 40 µg.m-3) Exceedance (in days) of 24-h concentration of PM10 (limit value 50 µg.m-3)

PM composition Rural background (EMEP) - sulphates 15-25 % - nitrates 6-11 % - ammonium 8 % - heavy metals (>0.5 %) - 5 rural (and 21 urban) MS - EC/OC (36%) NILU, CNR and National University of Ireland. Data from urban area - missing - Mineral dust - high in lowlands (agricultural activities, industrial activities, construction works, etc.) - Traffic, re-suspension, winter sanding - along roads in urban area Fugitive emissions and natural emissions – not assessed (Episodes of Saharan dust or dust from other arid regions - sporadically observed, contribution – small Marine aerosol for Central Europe - 1 µg.m-3.

Conclusion to be continued National anthropogenic PM emission decrease from 290 kt/1990 to 51 kt/ 2004. Further reduction is limited. Coal consumption is very low. Transboundary transport plays decisive role. Supportive scientific studies are missing. PM concentrations increase with increasing aridity. In Europe from West to East. Some geographical factors should be introduced. PM is typical transboundary problem given by lifetime of particles. Data among Slovak PM10 stations correlate very well. Knowledge on PM components and their origin in Slovakia is poor. Natural sources (primary and secondary) and area fugitive sources including wind blown dust, wild fires and biomass burning in Slovakia has not been estimated yet..

Conclusion to be continued Contribution of rural background PM10 to urban background is about 60 % (apart from some industrial and traffic stations). Model computations based only on national primary PM emission inventory data underestimate very significantly the observed concentrations. Needs for future: further improve QA/QC in monitoring and assessment, introduce analysis of PM composition, improve modelling tools. The EU and in particular updated WHO guidelines introduced PM10 limit values and proposed PM2.5 limit values are very strict for Slovakia. To meet these limits in inland Central and Eastern European countries is unreal (transboundary transport, natural sources, etc.). Therefore, the possibilities of national PM mitigation policy in Slovakia are very limited.