Energy Conservation Home, School, and Transportation CPES 2009-10

Quiz – Energy Conservation Energy use in U.S. – graphs Energy use in average home – graph and discussion Efficiency Definition Light bulbs System efficiency – worksheet Energy Conservation in the home Home energy activity Energy use and conservation in transportation Alternative Fuels Hybrids Other ways to reduce energy use in transportation

Where is energy used in the U.S.?

Energy Conservation Efficiency – system efficiency, appliances Payback period – calculations – Lutron Calculate costs: Compare the incandescent and CF bulbs Insulation Energy Transfer: conduction, convection, radiation Thermos demonstration Home and school energy efficiency Lighting system – classroom and school How does energy use and efficiency relate to other environmental issues? Energy and global climate change.

Inefficiency of Energy Use Efficiency: Energy input that is converted to useful “work” (intended purpose) What happens to the remainder System efficiency vs. efficiency of individual unit (appliance, light bulb, etc.) Overall efficiency - U.S. energy use is about 16% Explain the following: About 1/2 second law of energy About 1/2 wasted unnecessarily

Figure 16-2 Page 381 Energy Inputs System Outputs 9% 7% 41% 84% U.S. economy and lifestyles 43% 8% 4% 4% Figure 16-2 Page 381 Nonrenewable fossil fuels Useful energy Petrochemicals Nonrenewable nuclear Unavoidable energy waste Hydropower, geothermal, wind, solar Unnecessary energy waste Biomass

Figure 16-4 (5) Page 382 Internal combustion engine (gasoline) 10%

Figure 16-4 (4) Page 382 Fluorescent light 22%

Figure 16-4 (5) Page 382 Incandescent light 5%

SYSTEM EFFICIENCY FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION 95% Waste heat Uranium mining (95%) 54% Waste heat Uranium processing and transportation (57%) 17% Waste heat Power plant (31%) Waste heat 14% Transmission of electricity (85%) 14% Resistance heating (100%) Uranium 100% Electricity from Nuclear Power Plant Passive Solar Sunlight 100% 90% Waste heat SYSTEM EFFICIENCY FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION

Goals of Our Discussion: Home Energy Use and Conservations Energy uses in your home – what are they? How do they rank in amount of energy used? School – what are energy conservation measures? How can energy use be reduced in the school? Lutron lighting system in classroom How does insulation work? Relate to thermos bottle demonstration and three types of energy transfer Contrast types and R-values Short video- natural insulation What is your home’s energy profile?

Transfer of Heat Energy Convection Conduction Radiation Heat from a stove burner causes atoms or molecules in the pan’s bottom to vibrate faster. The vibrating atoms or molecules then collide with nearby atoms or molecules, causing them to vibrate faster. Eventually, molecules or atoms in the pan’s handle are vibrating so fast it becomes too hot to touch. As the water boils, heat from the hot stove burner and pan radiate into the surrounding air, even though air conducts very little heat. Heating water in the bottom of a pan causes some of the water to vaporize into bubbles. Because they are lighter than the surrounding water, they rise. Water then sinks from the top to replace the rising bubbles.This up and down movement (convection) eventually heats all of the water. Fig. 3-11 p. 553

School Energy – Lighting and Evaluation List all of the components of the Lutron System installed in the classroom.

Is our Transportation Sustainable? ?????????????????????

(miles per gallon, or mpg) Average fuel economy 35 14.9 30 12.8 Passenger cars (miles per gallon, or mpg) Average fuel economy (kilometers per liter, or kpl) Average fuel efficiency 25 10.7 Total fleet 20 8.5 Pickups, vans, and sport utility vehicles 15 6.4 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year What are ways that the U.S. auto fleet can be increased?

Energy Used for Transportation What are “walk away ideas” for each graph

Sustainable Transportation How can we move toward sustainable transportation? Look for: clean-emission cars powered by electricity and fuel cells; reduction of fuel consumption on airplanes, transport trucks, and increased use of trains integrated, efficient inter-city buses and trains- mass transit a key

Electric Cars, Fuel Cells, Hybrids, and Hydrogen Fueled Are these Your future?

What about electric cars? Problem is batteries cost storage capacity weight

Batteries the big problem Heavy (lead-acid battery pack 1,000 pounds or more). Bulky (up to 50 lead-acid batteries, each measuring roughly 6" x 8" by 6"). Limited storage capacity (range of only 50 miles). They are slow to charge - up to 10 hours Short life (three to four years) They are expensive (perhaps $2,000)

Solving the battery bottleneck Replace lead-acid batteries with NiMH batteries or other kinds The range of the car will double Will last 10 years But, the cost of the batteries today is 10 to 15 times greater than lead-acid. NiMH battery pack will cost $20,000 to $30,000 (today) instead of $2,000.

Solar powered cars- Are these commercially feasible

What are some options? Hybrids? Or, Fuel Cells Or. …………………….??

Hybrid Car Engines and motors A B C D E F Combustion engine Fuel tank Braking recharges the batteries Motor, not engine, runs at lower speeds Engine shuts off completely when at lower speeds and when stopped So, what are the disadvantages? Combustion engine A Fuel tank B Electric motor C Battery bank D B Regulator E D Transmission F E F Hybrid Car A C Fuel Electricity